主题：【原创】美国视角1: 中国在朝鲜战争中的角色 -- 爱吃肉的兔子

老实说，这段内容是最不好写的，这里，战争不再是宏观的数字，意义，历史影响等。也不再属于伟人如毛泽东，彭德怀或是MacArthur。这里，我要描述的是活生生的个人，他们的想法，伤痛和生命。尤其是看到美方视角中的中华儿女，作为一个中国人，感觉既是自豪，也非常悲痛。在没有科技和钢铁火力的支持下，每一个中国志愿军战士的牺牲都是悲壮的，也是值得永远铭记的。华夏的勇士们，他们的功业和光荣在中国5000年以来的历史长卷中将永垂不朽！

老兵回忆之一： 长津之战 by Jack Clifton Burkett.

背景介绍：Jack在1929年生于Clifton，Kentucky洲. 朝鲜战争爆发后，1950年，Jack从San Diego转道日本，作为美国海军陆战队第一师第三营的一名列兵，登陆朝鲜半岛。

1。Jack眼中的中国军队和攻击

As to the strength of the enemy, I can only assume the estimates I later read about are correct. There were said to have been about eight Chinese divisions. Most of the enemy wore padded, quilted, cotton coats and hats that had flaps that covered their ears. On many occasions, tennis shoes were the only protection for their feet. I assume their suffering from the cold was much worse than what we experienced. In fact, I do not know how they kept from freezing to death or suffering severe frostbite, which many did. Many that were taken prisoner had the worst cases of frostbite ever seen. Even for a hated enemy one had to feel sorry for them.

（当海军陆战队开始撤退）对于敌人（志愿军）的数量，我只能假定我后来读到的评估是正确的。据报道说有八个中国师。他们大多数穿着有夹心的棉袄和有护翼的棉帽.而且很多人只有网球鞋（注：当时的温度是严寒零下30到40度）。我断定他们受严寒的折磨远远超过我们。实际上，我真不知道他们是怎么防止冻伤以至于死亡的。很多被抓获的志愿军战俘所受过的冻伤是我从来没看过的，非常严重。甚至作为他们的敌人，都会替他们难过（注：如果不是朝鲜北部极端的天气严寒，以中国军队20军，27军的实力，前者善于穿插攻击，后者善于防守，感兴趣的可以搜索一下军史，陆战一师肯定会死的很难看，天气是帮了敌人大忙）。

The weapons they used were a mixture of anything they could find. The most irritating situation was finding dead Chinese with Thompson submachine guns. These were American-made weapons being used by the enemy against us. We had apparently given the Chinese these weapons at some prior time. It could have been World War II or during the communist take-over, having then been lost by soldiers to Shang Kai Shek. It is also possible that some of them were provided by the Russians, being given to the Russians by us in World War II. Finally, it is possible that an American company sold them to China.

他们使用的武器也是五花八门。最让人生气的是发现冻死的志愿军战士身边的Thompson冲锋枪。志愿军用美国制造的武器攻击美国人（注：Jack大概无视或是不知道美国在中国内战中的军援杀死多少无辜的中国人 ）。很明显早些时候我们支援了中国人这些武器。他们可能是二战时美国的援助，或者美国在中国内战的军援，被蒋介石的士兵丢给了共产中国。甚至可能来自苏联二战时从美国得到的军援。最后，当然也有可能是美国公司卖给中国人的（注：看来Jack对美国商人没好感）。

Even as much as we hated these enemy soldiers, one had to admire their courage. They kept moving forward toward our defenses even into almost certain death. I assume, however, that they would have been killed by their leaders if they had not. Their method of fighting was almost exclusively to sneak or crawl up to our lines in the dark and hope to overrun us in the confusion. They felt that this would terrorize us by not knowing where they were or in what number. They were willing to sacrifice untold numbers in order to make this method of fighting successful.

即使作为非常憎恨敌人的我们，也不得不承认他们的勇气。他们即使知道自己会战死也毫无畏惧勇于向前。我猜，可能他们不进攻，也会死在自己的督战队手上，才这么勇敢（注：美国人是无法理解一个新生的，在毛泽东彭德怀领导下的，新型军队，对于胜利的渴望，以及她的光荣，勇敢和自豪）。他们总是在晚上，偷偷渗透和爬行，企图迷惑并消灭我们。他们觉得这样会让我们搞不清他们的数量和位置，从而吓倒我们。他们不顾一切，即使牺牲自己，只为获得胜利或者杀死我们（注：作为中国军队指挥官，只能尽可能利用我方的优势：无畏，近战，夜战和集中火力，后者尤其重要，既然我方的火力和钢铁投射在当时根本没有可能和美军比，这点美国作为物质丰富火力强大的军队是无法理解的，如果可能，没有那个军队会把生命不当回事，美军士兵的回忆常让我想起，何不食肉糜）。

2。一个纪念品。

An hour or so after the sun came up, we ventured out to see if there were any living Chinese. I could only see frozen bodies. On one of them nearest to me, and therefore one I could have killed since he was closest to my position, I saw a pocket watch. I took it from his body for a souvenir and I still have it today. It has a Chinese inscription inside the front cover. Someday I intend to have it interpreted. On the inside of the back cover it reads, "International Dispensary Shanghai." He may have worked for a dispensary that we had established there at some time in the past. The back of it reads "15 Rubis-J. Ullmann & Co.-Shanghai." Below that is another Chinese inscription.

（在长津某个夜晚，中国人攻击撤退后,）当太阳升起一个小时后，我们出来看看有没有活着的中国士兵。我能看到只有冻僵的遗体。在离我战斗位置最近的地方，因而可能是被我杀死的中国士兵中的一个，我看到一个怀表。我取下来作为纪念，现在也还在（注：是我军连队指挥官的可能很大，也可能是新参军的上海青年，20军和27军在上海有新兵）。它前面表盖上有汉字铭文。也许有一天我会找人翻译一下。在表后盖上刻着： 上海国际药房。也许阵亡者曾经在我方（美国）建立的药房工作过。表的后面还刻有 "15 Rubis-J. Ullmann & Co.-Shanghai."字样，下面还有汉字铭文。

3.关于美国的空军支援

We received air, tank, and artillery support. The air support at all times was a tremendous advantage to us. Our fighter planes completely dominated the skies. The enemy seldom fought in the daytime, probably due to our air superiority as well as our superior weapons and fire-power. Another type of "air support" was in the form of helicopters. This was the major means of transporting our wounded to medical facilities. They were strapped to the outside of the helicopter on their stretchers. This was used by all units to move our wounded.

我们有空军，坦克，大炮的支援。空军在所有时间是我方的极大优势。我方的战斗机完全统治了天空。结果是敌人在白天很少开展战斗行动，这很可能由于我方的空中打击，炮兵火力和更好的武器所致。其他的空中支援也包括直升机。他们主要用于运输伤员到医院。伤员们被放在担架上然后用带子捆在直升机外边。直升机几乎被所有单位用于运送伤员。

4。结语

When I had the chance to reflect on what I had just been through, I was sad and depressed to think of all the Marines that were killed in the Chosin Reservoir. I wondered why in the hell we were in this god-forsaken land in the first place. I was also unhappy with the thought that we had been driven back by the enemy. At that time I would never have believed that this could happen to Marines。

当我有机会反思我所经历的一切，当我想起在长津之战中阵亡的海军陆战队队员, 我非常难过和压抑。我首先想知道为什么我们会到这个上帝遗忘的地方去战斗。当我想到我们是被敌人赶走时我也很不高兴。那个时候真的让我难以置信这个（失败）会发生在美国海军陆战队身上（注：如果天气暖和点，如果26军及时赶到，20军和27军后勤稍微好点，如果炮兵稍微多点，如果不是想全歼敌人的话，任何一种可能，陆战队一师都要到大霉。恐怕就轮不到作者感叹了）。

名词解释：

长津之战：中国人民志愿军第九兵团在长津湖战斗中共歼灭美军13900余人（战斗伤亡）。第九兵团战斗减员19202人，冻饿减员28954人；减员总数48156人。减员数量为全兵团兵员总数的32.1%。也就是说，全兵团每3个人中就有1个人牺牲或负伤。第二十军冻伤最为严重，营连排三级干部大部分被冻伤所致坏疽致残致亡。美国陆战第一师自己统计，侥幸逃脱包围后，有着24124名官兵的美陆战第一师战斗减员4418人，冻伤减员7313人，减员总数为11731人。减员数量为全师兵员总数的40%。加上美步兵第七师、步兵第三师及其它部队的损失。作战结果：联合国军美第十军伤亡惨重，演成全线大溃退；中国人民志愿军第九兵团进攻，基本实现战役目标，尽管伤亡大于敌人，但完成了最初的战略任务。

待续。

• 【原创】美国视角1: 中国在朝鲜战争中的角色