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主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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家园 现代主义者们有多么现代?2

认为庞德至少在技巧上比自己更胜一筹的T.S.艾略特也是美国移民,不过他选择了一条截然不同的人生道路。他在英格兰扎根下来,最终变得比大多数英国人更像英国人。随着庞德转向法西斯主义,骨子里同样反犹的艾略特则转向了英国国教会与伟大的英国诗歌传统来寻求救赎。这位曾经的银行家后来成为了一名专门创作宗教剧本的体面人,但是他在早期创作的现代主义作品在问世时却令人惊骇不已,至今依然能让初次接触的读者们感到大惑不解。《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》(The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock)发表于1915年,兴许是理解早期英国现代主义的最关键文本。艾略特凭借这首诗立刻确立了不容错认的个人风格,一方面采用了娓娓道来的口吻,同时又尽显古典气质。在诗文当中,他笔下的反英雄——没用或者不必存在的人是现代主义世界观的主粮——在显然属于爱德华时代的伦敦城里漫无目的地闲逛着:

Let us go then, you and I,

When the evening is spread out against the sky

Like a patient etherized upon a table;

Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,

The muttering retreats

Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels

And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:

Streets that follow like a tedious argument

Of insidious intent

To lead you to an overwhelming question ...

Oh, do not ask, “What is it?”

Let us go and make our visit.

In the room the women come and go

Talking of Michelangelo.

The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,

The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes,

Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,

Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,

Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,

Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,

And seeing that it was a soft October night,

Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.

And indeed there will be time

For the yellow smoke that slides along the street,

Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;

There will be time, there will be time

To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;

There will be time to murder and create,

And time for all the works and days of hands

That lift and drop a question on your plate;

Time for you and time for me,

And time yet for a hundred indecisions,

And for a hundred visions and revisions,

Before the taking of a toast and tea.

In the room the women come and go

Talking of Michelangelo.

And indeed there will be time

To wonder, “Do I dare?” and, “Do I dare?”

Time to turn back and descend the stair,

With a bald spot in the middle of my hair —

(They will say: “How his hair is growing thin!”)

My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin,

My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin —

(They will say: “But how his arms and legs are thin!”)

Do I dare

Disturb the universe?

In a minute there is time

For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.

那我们走吧,你和我,

当夜晚在天空铺开,

像病人被麻醉在手术台;

让我们走,穿过几近荒废的街道,

不安的夜晚的嘟囔退到了

只会歇一晚的便宜旅馆

和满地锯末与蚌壳的饭馆:

街道尾随像一场冗长的争论,

带着阴险的企图

把你带向一个无法回避的问题……

啊,别问,“那是什么?”

让我们走,先去做客。

客厅里女士们来回地踱步,

谈论着米开朗基罗。

黄色的雾在玻璃上擦它的背,

黄色的烟在玻璃上擦它的嘴,

舌头舔进夜晚的角落,

徘徊在快要干涸的水坑;

听任烟筒上的烟灰跌落在背上,

它溜下台阶,纵身一跃,

看到这是一个温柔的十月之夜,

便在房子周围蜷缩起来呼呼入睡。

确实啊,总会有时间,

让黄雾沿着街道滑行,

在玻璃窗上擦它的背;

总会有时间,总会有时间

准备一幅面孔去见你要见的脸;

总会有时间去暗杀去创造,

去从事无数双手的工作和时日,

从茶盘上拿起又放下一个问题;

总会有时间给你,有时间给我

总会有时间一百次地迟疑犹豫,

总会有时间一百次地幻象再幻变,

在吃茶和烤面包之前。

客厅里女士们来回地踱步,

谈论着米开朗基罗。

确实,总会有时间

去怀疑,“我敢吗?”“我可有勇气?”

总会有时间转身下楼,

顶着一块秃顶——

(她们会说:“他的头发变得多么稀少!”)

我早晨的外套,我的硬领笔挺,

我的领带华丽而端庄,被一只朴素的别针定住——

(她们会说:“但他的胳膊腿可太细了!”)

我可有勇气

搅乱这个宇宙?

一分钟内总还有时间

决定、变卦,一分钟内再转变修改。【普华译】

《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》是一首特别困难的诗歌,彰显了艾略特的变化多端与格律技艺。正是这两样本领让他在日后成为了一名杰出的儿歌作家——《擅长装扮的老猫经》就是这其中传世不朽的杰作之一。但是《普》在刚刚问世时却掀起了轩然大波,因为这首诗读起来实在……太不一样了。接下来艾略特又推出了一系列佳作,格律严丝合缝,题材骇人听闻。但是他笔下的最重量级作品——之所以1922年对于现代主义发展史来说是一个如此重要的年份,部分原因就在于这首诗的问世——就是《荒原》(The Waste Land)。这部煌煌巨作就像当年华兹华斯与柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》一样,再一次彻底变革了英国诗坛的面貌。在绘画领域,毕加索、布拉克与库尔特.施威特斯很早以前就开始使用拼贴画技法——既将剪报、撕碎的广告纸以及各种各样的商业产品粘贴在画面上,为自己的画作蒙上一层粗粝的表面。艾略特的诗歌也采用了同样的创作手法,将他人对话当中传出的只言片语、突然中断的独白以及显然充满古代智慧的瘆人叠句强硬压缩在了一起。诗歌的主题是西方文化的死寂干涸以及寻找前进新路的求索——后面这条直到全诗结尾才试探性地提出来,而且基督教气息很重。诗句听上去似乎无甚趣味,但是诗人的措辞花团锦簇,他对于英语诗歌的历史理解得十分透彻,他还具有非凡的格律才华,能让读者着魔一般地不忍释卷。以下诗文节选自全诗第一节“死者的葬礼”。当时在伦敦金融城为劳埃德银行工作的艾略特在这段诗文当中直面了当代伦敦的日常景象:

Unreal City,

Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,

A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,

I had not thought death had undone so many.

Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,

And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.

Flowed up the hill and down King William Street,

To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours

With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.

There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying “Stetson!

You who were with me in the ships at Mylae!

That corpse you planted last year in your garden,

Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?

Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?

Oh keep the Dog far hence, that’s friend to men,

Or with his nails he’ll dig it up again!

You! hypocrite lecteur!—mon semblable,—mon frère!”

不真实的城,

在冬天早晨棕黄色的雾下,

一群人流过伦敦桥,呵,这么多

我没有想到死亡毁灭了这么多。

叹息,隔一会短短地嘘出来,

每个人的目光都盯着自己的脚。

流上小山,流下威廉王大街,

直到圣玛丽.乌尔诺教堂,在那里

大钟正沉沉桥着九点的最后一响。

那儿我遇到一个熟人,喊住他道:

“史太森!你记得我们在麦来船上!

去年你种在你的花园里的尸首,

它发芽了吗?今年能开花吗?

还是突然霜冻搅乱了它的花床?

哦,千万把狗撵开,那是人类之友,

不然他会用爪子又把它掘出来!

你呀,伪善的读者- -一我的同类,我的兄弟!”【查良铮译】

《荒原》一诗不通读不足以领略其真正风采,可惜本书篇幅所限不能照搬全文。笔者接下来摘取的选段来自第二节《一局棋戏》,艾略特在其中让一大堆看似八竿子打不着的题材相撞在了一起,包括没有实体的警告叠句、日常对话的碎片、爵士音乐、一名等待丈夫退伍回家的工人阶级妻子的凄苦境遇,以及一家即将关门倒闭的酒馆。

“My nerves are bad to-night. Yes, bad. Stay with me.

Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.

What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?

I never know what you are thinking. Think.”

I think we are in rats’ alley

Where the dead men lost their bones.

“What is that noise?”

The wind under the door.

“What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?”

Nothing again nothing.

“Do

You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember

Nothing?”

I remember

Those are pearls that were his eyes.

“Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?”

But

O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag—

It’s so elegant

So intelligent

“What shall I do now? What shall I do?

I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street

With my hair down, so. What shall we do to-morrow?

What shall we ever do?”

The hot water at ten.

And if it rains, a closed car at four.

And we shall play a game of chess,

Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.

When Lil’s husband got demobbed, I said,

I didn’t mince my words, I said to her myself,

HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME

Now Albert’s coming back, make yourself a bit smart.

He’ll want to know what you done with that money he gave you

To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there.

You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set,

He said, I swear, I can’t bear to look at you.

And no more can’t I, I said, and think of poor Albert,

He’s been in the army four years, he wants a good time,

And if you don’t give it him, there’s others will, I said.

Oh is there, she said. Something o’ that, I said.

Then I’ll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look.

HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME

“我今晚情绪不好。呵,很坏。陪着我。

跟我说话吧。怎么不说呢?说呵。

你在想什么?什么呀?我 从不知你想着什么。想。”

我想我们是在耗子洞里,

死人在这里丢了骨头。

“那是什么声音?”

是门洞下的风。

“那又是什么声音?风在干什么?”

虚空,还是虚空。

“你

什么也不知道?什么也没看见?什么

也不记得?”

我记得

那些明珠曾经是他的眼睛。

“你是活是死?你的头脑里什么也没有?”

可是

呵呵呵呵那莎士比希亚小调——

这么文雅

这么聪明

“如今我做什么好?我做什么好?”

“我要这样冲出去,在大街上走,

披着头发,就这样。我们明天干什么?

我们究竟干什么?”

十点钟要热水。

若是下雨,四点钟要带篷的车。

我们将下一盘棋,

揉了难合的眼,等着叩门的一声。

丽尔的男人退伍的时候,我说——

我可是直截了当,我自己对她说的,

快走吧,到时候了

艾伯特要回来了,你得打扮一下。

他要问你他留下的那笔镶牙的钱

是怎么用的。他给时,我也在场。

把牙都拔掉吧,丽尔,换一副好的。

他说,看你那样子真叫人受不了。

连我也受不了,我说,你替艾伯特想想,

他当兵四年啦,他得找点乐趣,

如果你不给他,还有别人呢,我说。

呵,是吗,她说。差不多吧,我说。

那我知道该谢谁啦,她说,直看着我。

快走吧,到时候了【查良铮译】

这段诗文可谓是近乎取得了完全成功的现代主义诗歌,威胁与绝望潜藏在字里行间,反映了被过去十年剧烈震撼的英国的面貌;诗中人的口吻听上去与1922年的伦敦市民一般无二,市民们的日常关切也得到了详尽呈现;此外鉴于此时掌权的劳合.乔治首相贪污腐败,与诈骗犯以及涉嫌杀人犯毛迪.格里高利沆瀣一气售卖贵族头衔,诗文当中的阴险气息也很符合时代精神。尽管艾略特的心可能还在故乡波士顿,但是他对于当时英国的理解却比任何本土英国人更加深刻到位。作为对比,来自这首非凡诗歌的最后一段摘录是全诗第四节《水里的死亡》。笔者在上文中指出,为了寻找更强健的文脉,现代主义者们将视线投向了极其遥远的过去。以下诗文就是绝好的例子,遥遥呼应了莎士比亚的《暴风雨》。

Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead,

Forgot the cry of gulls, and the deep seas swell

And the profit and loss.

A current under sea

Picked his bones in whispers. As he rose and fell

He passed the stages of his age and youth

Entering the whirlpool.

Gentile or Jew

O you who turn the wheel and look to windward,

Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you.

扶里巴斯,那腓尼基人,死了两星期,

他忘了海鸥的啼唤,深渊里的巨浪,

利润和损失。

海底的--股洋流

低语着啄他的骨头。就在一起一落时光

他经历了苍老和青春的阶段

而进入旋涡。

犹太或非犹太人呵.

你们转动轮盘和观望风向的,

想想他,也曾象你们一样漂亮而高大。【查良铮译】

下文当中我们还会再次与艾略特打交道。他的诗文如此强大且富有感染力,以至于二十世纪二三十年代的英国诗选当中充斥着才气不足的诗人们东施效颦的仿作。现代主义意味着与无数传统的决裂,做到这一点需要非凡的勇气。为了创新,每一位现代主义者都必须独辟蹊径。世上最乏味的东西就是亦步亦趋的文学革命。

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