五千年(敝帚自珍)

主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客

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家园 左派与右派2

维斯坦.休.奥登的诗才远胜康福德,日后他将会摒弃共产主义并且就像T.S.艾略特那样转向基督教。但是目前他还像康福德一样满心火热激情,并且凭借自身魅力吸引了许多其他人投奔了左派。有许多早期的奥登诗作都很适合放在这里,其中大部分——包括著名同性恋情诗《葬礼蓝调》——至今依然在英国文化当中脍炙人口。但是《西班牙》(Spain)这首诗当真值得在这里全文引用。在这首诗中,奥登也像康福德一样感到人类历史已经走到了紧要关头,改天换地的全球革命即将到来。这首诗集中体现了奥登赖以成名的特质:当代与古代的小心混合,迫切的韵律,还有大开大合的自信——这一点在本诗后半段尤其明显——事情就是这样,你就该这么做。后来奥登在1939年逃离英国前往美国,隔岸观火地观察了英国大战希特勒,而且逐渐了解到了斯大林统治下的暴行,因此也不喜欢这首诗了,甚至还试图修改原句。但是原诗相当于一份历史文献,向我们充分揭示了二十世纪三十年代英国一部分顶尖知识分子的想法:

Yesterday all the past. The language of size

Spreading to China along the trade-routes; the diffusion

Of the counting-frame and the cromlech;

Yesterday the shadow-reckoning in the sunny climates.

昨天是陈迹,是度量衡的语言

沿着通商的途径传到中国,是算盘

和平顶石墓的传播;

昨天是在晴朗天气计算日影。。

Yesterday the assessment of insurance by cards,

The divination of water; yesterday the invention

Of cartwheels and clocks, the taming of

Horses. Yesterday the bustling world of the navigators.

昨天是用纸牌估算吉凶,

是水卜法;昨天是发明

车轮和时钟,是驯服

马匹;昨天是航海家活跃的世界。

Yesterday the abolition of fairies and giants,

the fortress like a motionless eagle eyeing the valley,

the chapel built in the forest;

Yesterday the carving of angels and alarming gargoyles;

昨天是对仙灵和巨怪的破除,

是古堡像不动的鹰隼凝视着山谷,

是树林里建筑的教堂;

昨天是天使和吓人的滴水兽雕刻。

The trial of heretics among the columns of stone;

Yesterday the theological feuds in the taverns

And the miraculous cure at the fountain;

Yesterday the Sabbath of witches; but to-day the struggle

是石柱之间的异端审判;

昨天是在酒店里的神学争论

和泉水的奇异疗效;

昨天是女巫的欢宴。但今天是斗争。

Yesterday the installation of dynamos and turbines,

The construction of railways in the colonial desert;

Yesterday the classic lecture

On the origin of Mankind. But to-day the struggle.

昨天是装置发电机和涡轮机,

是在殖民地沙漠上铺设铁轨;

昨天是关于人类起源的

学院式讲课。但今天是斗争。

Yesterday the belief in the absolute value of Greek,

The fall of the curtain upon the death of a hero;

Yesterday the prayer to the sunset

And the adoration of madmen. but to-day the struggle.

昨天是深信希腊语的绝对价值,

是一位英雄之死的剧终闭幕;

昨天是向落日的祈祷

以及崇拜疯人。但今天是斗争。

As the poet whispers, startled among the pines,

Or where the loose waterfall sings compact, or upright

On the crag by the leaning tower:

"O my vision. O send me the luck of the sailor."

诗人低语时猛然一惊,他在松林里

或有奔放瀑布歌唱的地方,

或挺立在斜塔边的岩上

"噢,我的幻象。送给我以水手的好运!"

And the investigator peers through his instruments

At the inhuman provinces, the virile bacillus

Or enormous Jupiter finished:

"But the lives of my friends. I inquire. I inquire."

观测者在瞄着他的仪器,观望到

渺无人烟的区域,富有活力的杆菌

或者巨大的木星被了结了:

“但我朋友们的生命呢?我要问,我要问。”

And the poor in their fireless lodgings, dropping the sheets

Of the evening paper: "Our day is our loss. O show us

History the operator, the

Organiser. Time the refreshing river."

穷人在不生火的陋室里放下晚报说:

“我们过一天就是一天的损失。噢,让我们

看到历史是操作者,

是组织者,时间是使人苏生的河。”

And the nations combine each cry, invoking the life

That shapes the individual belly and orders

The private nocturnal terror:

"Did you not found the city state of the sponge,

列国集起了这些呼声,召唤

那塑造个人口腹、并安排

私自的夜之恐怖的生命:

“你岂不曾建立过海绵的城邦?”

"Raise the vast military empires of the shark

And the tiger, establish the robin's plucky canton?

Intervene. O descend as a dove or

A furious papa or a mild engineer, but descend."

“岂不曾组织过鲨鱼和猛虎的

庞大军事帝国,成立过知更雀的英勇小郡?

干涉吧,降临吧,作为鸽子,

或严父,或温和的工程师。但请降临。”

And the life, if it answers at all, replied from the heart

And the eyes and the lungs, from the shops and squares of the city

"O no, I am not the mover;

Not to-day; not to you. To you, I'm the

然而生命不予回答,或者它的回答

是发自心、眼与肺,发自城市的商店

和广场:“呵,不,我不是动力,

今天我不是,对你们不是;对于你们

"Yes-man, the bar-companion, the easily-duped;

I am whatever you do. I am your vow to be

Good, your humorous story.

I am your business voice. I am your marriage.

我是听差遣的,是酒馆的伙计和傻瓜,

我是你们的所做所为,你们的笑话,

你们要当好人的誓言;

我是你们处事的意见;我是你们的婚姻。

"What's your proposal? To build the just city? I will.

I agree. Or is it the suicide pact, the romantic

Death? Very well, I accept, for

I am your choice, your decision. Yes, I am Spain."

你们想干什么?建立正义之城?我愿意。

我同意。或者相约集体自杀,投向浪漫的

死亡?那也不错,我接受,因为

我是你们的选择和决定:我是西班牙。”

Many have heard it on remote peninsulas,

On sleepy plains, in the aberrant fishermen's islands

Or the corrupt heart of the city.

Have heard and migrated like gulls or the seeds of a flower.

许多人听到这声音在遥远的半岛,

在沉睡的平原,在偏僻的渔岛上,

在城市的腐败心脏,

随即像海鸥或花籽一样迁移来。

They clung like burrs to the long expresses that lurch

Through the unjust lands, through the night, through the alpine tunnel;

They floated over the oceans;

They walked the passes. All presented their lives.

他们紧把着长列的快车,悄悄驶过

不义的土地,驶过黑夜,驶过高山隧道;

他们漂过海洋;

他们步行过隘口:为了来奉献生命。

On that arid square, that fragment nipped off from hot

Africa, soldered so crudely to inventive Europe;

On that tableland scored by rivers,

Our thoughts have bodies; the menacing shapes of our fever

那干燥的方块土地,从炎热的非洲

切下,被粗糙地焊接到善于发明的欧洲:

在那片河流纵横的高原上,

我们的思想有了形体,我们的热病的骇人外形,

Are precise and alive. For the fears which made us respond

To the medicine ad, and the brochure of winter cruises

Have become invading battalions;

And our faces, the institute-face, the chain-store, the ruin

精确而又鲜活。因为让我们对于

药品广告与冬季邮轮宣传册做出反应的恐惧

已经变成了入侵的营团;

我们的面孔,体制的面孔,连锁店,以及废墟

Are projecting their greed as the firing squad and the bomb.

Madrid is the heart. Our moments of tenderness blossom

As the ambulance and the sandbag;

Our hours of friendship into a people's army.

正在将他们的贪婪投射成为火枪队与炸弹。

马德里就是心脏。我们的温柔时刻绽放

成为了救护车与沙袋;

我们的友谊钟点结成了人民军队。

To-morrow, perhaps the future. The research on fatigue

And the movements of packers; the gradual exploring of all the

Octaves of radiation;

To-morrow the enlarging of consciousness by diet and breathing.

明天也许就是未来:对疲劳的研究

包装机的运转;逐步探索

辐射的所有频段;

明天是通过控制饮食和呼吸来扩大意识。

To-morrow the rediscovery of romantic love,

the photographing of ravens; all the fun under

Liberty's masterful shadow;

To-morrow the hour of the pageant-master and the musician,

明天是重新发现浪漫的爱情;

是给乌鸦拍照;是在自由的巧妙荫庇下

享受各种乐趣;

明天是庆典主持人和乐师的好时光,

The beautiful roar of the chorus under the dome;

To-morrow the exchanging of tips on the breeding of terriers,

The eager election of chairmen

By the sudden forest of hands. But to-day the struggle.

穹顶之下的合唱团美丽地高歌,

明天将会交换梗犬育种的心得与诀窍,

将会认真地突然举手如林

选举主席。但今天是斗争。

To-morrow for the young the poets exploding like bombs,

The walks by the lake, the weeks of perfect communion;

To-morrow the bicycle races

Through the suburbs on summer evenings. But to-day the struggle.

明天为年青人准备,是诗人象炸弹般爆炸,

是湖边漫步,是情投意合的一周又一周;

明天是在夏夜

穿过市郊的自行车比赛:但今天是斗争。

To-day the deliberate increase in the chances of death,

The consious acceptance of guilt in the necessary murder;

To-day the expending of powers

On the flat ephemeral pamphlet and the boring meeting.

今天是存心增加死亡的机会;

是自觉地承担必要的谋杀罪;

今天是把精力耗费在

乏味而短命的小册子和腻人的会议上。

To-day the makeshift consolations: the shared cigarette,

The cards in the candlelit barn, and the scraping concert,

The masculine jokes; to-day the

Fumbled and unsatisfactory embrace before hurting.

今天是临时的慰藉,是共吸一支香烟;

在谷仓的烛光下打牌,乱弹的音乐会,

男人之间的玩笑;今天是

弄痛对方之前笨拙而不满意的拥抱。

The stars are dead. The animals will not look.

We are left alone with our day, and the time is short, and

History to the defeated

May say Alas but cannot help nor pardon.

星辰都已消失,野兽不再张望。

只剩下我们面对着我们的日子,而且时不待人,更何况

对于失败者,历史

可能会叹息,但却无法帮助或宽恕。【杜运燮、查良铮等译】

奥登设想的今天至少在英国从未到来,大多数英国人都应当感到谢天谢地。但是奥登的确具备非凡的诗才,触及了二十世纪与历史经验的各个方面,并且激昂所有这些方面紧密整合起来,合成为单一的论点,由此取得了非凡的成就。他不仅会创作天真的革命宣传诗歌,同时也是一位先知先觉的观察家。下面这首短诗《暴君的墓志铭》(Epitaph On A Tyrant)可谓字字入骨,即便在二十一世纪的今天依然不显过时,真是可悲得很:

Perfection, of a kind, was what he was after,

And the poetry he invented was easy to understand;

He knew human folly like the back of his hand,

And was greatly interested in armies and fleets;

When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,

And when he cried the little children died in the streets.

追求一种尽善尽美,

所创之诗简单易明;

熟捻人类千般愚昧,

万分热衷军队舰艇;

笑则重臣朝堂爆笑,

哭则孩童街头丧命。【无心剑网友译】

自从奥登于1939年跑到美国之后,他在英国的名声就再也没有完全恢复过。但是来到曼哈顿之后,他确实为我们献上了一篇杰作,题材是希特勒战争开始之前英国乃至全世界的恐惧情绪。在水平发挥最高的时候,奥登的诗句就像咒语一般摇撼人心,似乎成为了整个时代的代言人。这位天资聪颖并且痴迷于地质学、古典文化、宗教与政治的约克郡男孩终究成长为了一名面目肃杀的权威,他的声音一旦入耳就休想忘却。以下节选的是《1939年9月1日》(September 1, 1939)的头三节。在笔者看来,这段诗文只能用完美二字来形容。

I sit in one of the dives

On Fifty-second Street

Uncertain and afraid

As the clever hopes expire

Of a low dishonest decade:

Waves of anger and fear

Circulate over the bright

And darkened lands of the earth,

Obsessing our private lives;

The unmentionable odour of death

Offends the September night.

我坐在第五十二大街的

一家下等酒吧里*1

犹豫不决,忧心忡忡

那些聪明的希望已经过期

在这卑下虚伪的十年末尾:

愤怒与恐惧的电波

在这地球上明亮

与变暗的土地上传送,*2

扰乱我们的私人生活;

死亡那不便言及的气味

侵犯着九月的夜晚。

*1【这里的“下等酒吧”很可能是纽约曼哈顿的迪兹俱乐部,这是奥登经常光临的一家同性恋酒吧,他在这里结识了他的美国男友切斯特.卡尔曼(Chester Kallman)。在本诗第六节还会提到一对同性恋情侣,波兰裔芭蕾舞演员瓦斯拉夫.尼任斯基与俄国芭蕾舞编导塞尔戈.佳吉列夫。】

*2【1939年9月1日是纳粹德国入侵波兰的日期。欧洲与美国之间存在六到八小时的时差,当诗人在白天接收到消息时,波兰已经入夜,故而有“明亮/与变暗的土地”一说。此外“变暗”也指代了代纳粹入侵。】

Accurate scholarship can

Unearth the whole offence

From Luther until now

That has driven a culture mad,

Find what occurred at Linz

What huge imago made

A psychopathic god:

I and the public know

What all schoolchildren learn,

Those to whom evil is done

Do evil in return.

精湛的学问能够

揭示出全部的伤害,

从路德直到如今,

把一种文化逼得疯狂,

看看发生在林茨的事,*

巨大的心像造就了

一个精神变态的神:

我和公众都知道

所有的学童在学习什么,

对他们施以邪恶

他们就报以邪恶。

*【林茨是少年时期的希特勒就读中学的城市。】

Exiled Thucydides knew

All that a speech can say

About Democracy,

And what dictators do,

The elderly rubbish they talk

To an apathetic grave;

Analysed all in his book,

The enlightenment driven away,

The habit-forming pain,

Mismanagement and grief:

We must suffer them all again.

流亡的修昔底德清楚

一次演讲所能道出的

关于民主的一切,*1

以及独裁者的所为,

面对一座毫无知觉的坟墓

他们讲述陈词滥调;

他在著作中分析的一切,

被撵走的启蒙运动,

习惯性疼痛,

混乱的管理以及忧伤,

我们必须再度忍受。【胡桑、刘文飞等译】*2

*1【修昔底德在《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》当中记录了伯里克利宣扬民主制度的演讲。】

*2【日后奥登将会否认本诗以及其他四首政治诗歌。他要求任何诗集在收录这五首诗时都要添加以下附注:“W.H.奥登先生认为这五首诗是垃圾,他为自己创作了这些垃圾而感到羞耻。”】

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