主题：【整理】新一战史 -- 普罗丁

在搜索开始之前，我先根据前边的分析，设定几个基本问题：

1）马克思试图通过 jiazhi 概念的引入，改变哪一种社会关系？改变哪里的劳动状态？

2）马克思对采矿业和种植园的真正态度是什么？

3）马克思有没有民族偏好？

我意识到，这几个问题都与“地域”有密切的关系，换言之，我预先判断马克思对于不同地域的态度是不同的。在他的心中，应当有某些“理想地域”，和另一些作为反面典型的，亟待被改变的地域。所以我选择的第一个关键词是 Germany，如果由此搜索的结果同时也能包含其他地域，比如英国，比如东亚和中国，比如非洲和美洲，那么就会加速我的研究的开展。

在对《资本论》（其实更应当译作《资本》）英文版作正文检索后，我找到以下18条与“德国”相关的论述。为何不包含大量的注释？因为我认为注释的严肃程度无法与正文相比。为了方便，我在每一条的后边附上中文的“简译”。

1.P163： Nevertheless, the baking trade is always overwhelmed with applicants. The sources of the supply of these labour-powers to London are Scotland,the western agricultural districts ofEngland, and Germany. （简译：德国提供烤面包师）

2.P169： For slave-trade read labour-market, for Kentucky and Virginia, Ireland and the agricultural districts of England, Scotland, andWales, for Africa, Germany. We heard how over-work thinned the ranks of the bakers in London （意思不明）

3.P250： In Germany, they tried at first to make one spinnerwork two spinning-wheels, that is, to work simultaneously with both hands and both feet. This was too difficult.（德国的工人很累）

4.P255:Hence the invention now-a-days of machines in England that are employed only in North America; just as in the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries, machines were invented in Germany to be used only in Holland, and just as many a French invention of the eighteenthcentury was exploited in England alone.（德国发明的机器曾用于荷兰）

5.P264:In the 17th century nearly all Europe experienced revolts of the workpeople against the ribbon-loom, a machine for weaving ribbons andtrimmings, called in Germany Bandmühle, Schnurmühle, and Mühlenstuhl. These machines were invented in Germany.……By an imperial Edict of19th Feb., 1685, its use was forbidden throughout all Germany. In Hamburg it was burnt in public by order of the Senate（德国曾发明几种织布机，后来被立法禁止了）

6.P274:It is well known that Great Britain, apart from its own immense store of rags, is the emporium for the rag trade of the whole world. They flowin from Japan, from the most remote States of SouthAmerica, and from the Canary Islands. But the chief sources of their supply are Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Egypt,Turkey, Belgium, andHolland.（德法等大国向英国提供碎布）

7.P275: This progress in the rate of consumption ought to suffice for the most optimist of progressists, and for the biggest hawker of lies among theFree-trade bagmen of Germany. （意思不确定，似乎和“德国皮包公司”有关）

8.P520: I must admit that I do not write these lines without a certain mortification. I will not make so much of thefact that the anti-capitalist literature of England of the twenties and thirties is so totally unknown in Germany, in spite of Marx's direct references to it even in his Poverty of Philosophy, and his repeatedquotations from it, as for instance thepamphlet of 1821, Ravenstone, Hodgskin, etc., in Volume I ofCapital. （这句显然不是来自马克思本人，但其中提到英国的反资本主义作品一度在德国缺乏影响）

9.P674: On the other hand, working time data are as follows: "The number of working-days in the various regions of Germany, with due regard to the climatic and other determining conditions, will for the three main working periods presumably be: For the spring period, from the middle of March or beginning of April to the middle of May, about 50 to 60 working-days; for the summer period, from the beginning of June to the end of August, 65 to 80; and for the autumn period, from the beginning ofSeptember to the end of October, or the middle or end of November, 55to 75 working-days. （德国工人在春季只需要工作50-60天，在夏季为65-80天，秋季为55-75天）

10.P836: During the same period,the annual production of silver amounted to somewhat less than 2 million kilograms,valued at 354 1 /2million marks. Of this amount, Mexico supplied roundly 108, theUnited States 102, South America 67,Germany 26 million, etc. （德国提供了世界银产品的一小部分）

11.P1190: Just as in the case of a different development of the credit system, the same variable capital, for example, or the same quantity of wages, requires a greater mass of means of circulation in one country than in another; in England more than in Scotland, for instance,and in Germany more than in England.（德国[可能]比英国需要更多的工资资本流通手段）

12.P1218: It is characteristic of the English economic writers -- and the economic literature worth mentioning since 1830 resolves itself mainly into a literature on currency, credit,and crises -- that they look upon theexport of precious metals in times of crisis, in spite of the turn in the rates of exchange, only from the standpoint of England, as a purely national phenomenon, and resolutely close their eyes to the fact that all other European banks raise their rate of interest when their bank raises its own in times of crisis, and that,when the cry of distress over the drain of gold is raised in their country today, it is taken up inAmerica tomorrow and in Germany and France the day after. （美、德、法等国的金融市场均受到英国的强烈影响）

13.P1247: "We are drawn upon from America always at 60 days, and from other parts at90 days. On the other hand we give credit; if we sendgoods to Germany, we give two or three months." （意思不明，可能与各国的信用度有关。但不是马克思本人的观点。）

14.P1274: IfEngland has more payments to make to Germany than Germany to England, the price of marks, expressed in sterling, rises in London, and the price of sterling, expressed in marks, falls in Hamburg and Berlin. If this preponderance of England's payment obligations towards Germany is not balanced again, for instance, by a preponderance of purchases by Germany in England, the sterling price of bills of exchange in marks on Germany must rise to the point where it will pay to send metal (gold coin orbullion) from England to Germany in payment of obligations, instead of sending bills of exchange.（德国和英国之间，谁出口多，谁的货币就升值。[是这样吗？不确定]）

15.P1487: The little that such a family had to obtain by barter or buy from outside, even up to the beginning of the 19th century in Germany, consisted principally of the objects of handicraft production -- that is, such things the nature of whose manufacture was by no means unknown to the peasant, and which he did not produce himself only because he lacked the raw material or because the purchased article was much better or very muchcheaper. Hence, the peasant of the Middle Ages knew fairly accurately thelabor-time.（这段是恩格斯写的，其中提到德国人长期需要进口手工艺品）

16.P1492: The next step in the subjugation of industry by capital takes place through the introduction ofmanufacture. This, too, enable the manufacturer, who is most often his own export trader in the 17th and 18th centuries -- generally in Germany down to 1850,and still today here and there -- to produce cheaper than his old-fashioned competitor,the handicraftsman. （德国在19世纪出现了很多大生产商）

17.P1493: There were still only few directly productive establishments in stock company form -- and, like the banks, most of all in the poorercountries:Germany, Austria, America, etc.（一些较穷的国家，如德、奥、美有不少“生产性证券公司”）

18.P1494: And third, in order to facilitate the investment of this mass floating around as money-capital, new legal forms of limited liability companies were established wherever that had not yet been done, and the liability of the shareholder, formerly unlimited, was also reduced± [moreor less] (joint-stock companies in Germany, 1890. Subscription 40 per cent!).…… The enormously expanded banks, especiallyin Germany under allsorts of bureaucratic names, more and more the holders ofmortgages; with their shares the actual higherownership of landed property istransferred to the stock exchange, and this is even more true when thefarms fall intothe creditors’ hands. （有限责任公司的发展。德国在1890年出现了合资公司，订购率[？]高达40%）