主题：反转基因，其实是一个宗教问题 -- woohoww

作者：罗化生

链接：https://www.zhihu.com/question/47814833/answer/107976558

来源：知乎

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There is more than a casual association between GM foods and adverse health effects. There is causation as defined by Hill's Criteria in the areas of strength of association, consistency, specificity, biological gradient, and biological plausibility.

根据判断因果关系的希尔准则，即通过联系的强度，持续性，特异性，生物梯度，生物合理性判定的因果关系的存在判据，可以发现在转基因和健康损害之间存在不止一个的因果联系

参考文献【5】

Specificity of the association of GM foods and specific disease processes is also supported. Multiple animal studies show significant immune dysregulation, including upregulation of cytokines associated with asthma, allergy, and inflammation.

转基因导致免疫系统失调，产生导致哮喘，过敏，和炎症的细胞因子（话说为什么昧国运动员那么多的需要使用兴奋剂治疗哮喘的药物，或许也与这个有关）

参考文献【6】【11】

Animal studies also show altered structure and function of the liver, including altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as cellular changes that could lead to accelerated aging and possibly lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

转基因导致肝脏的结构和功能发生变化，导致脂肪和糖的代谢的改变，细胞发生变化导致老化的加速和可能导致活性氧自由基的堆积

参考文献【7】【8】【10】

Changes in the kidney, pancreas and spleen have also been documented.

转基因导致肾脏，胰脏，脾脏的改变

参考文献【6】【8】【10】

A recent 2008 study links GM corn with infertility, showing a significant decrease in offspring over time and significantly lower litter weight in mice fed GM corn.

This study also found that over 400 genes were found to be expressed differently in the mice fed GM corn. These are genes known to control protein synthesis and modification, cell signaling, cholesterol synthesis, and insulin regulation

2008年的研究发现转基因玉米导致不育，发现后代的显著减少，和显著更低的体重

这个研究同时发现，喂食转基因玉米的老鼠有超过400个基因的表达发生了变异，这些基因有控制蛋白合成，修饰，细胞信号的基因，胆固醇合成的基因，胰岛素调节的基因。

参考文献【8】

【注】中国华恢一号的安全证书的申请报告的三代90天喂食实验也证实了喂食转基因90天，到了第二代，雄鼠体重开始显著减轻【中国文献1】

Studies also show intestinal damage in animals fed GM foods, including proliferative cell growth9 and disruption of the intestinal immune system.

更多的研究同时发现喂食转基因玉米的老鼠发生肠道损害，包括细胞增殖，和导致干扰肠道的免疫系统。

参考文献【6】

【注】中国湖南师范大学的研究生论文也发现转基因导致十二指肠发生病变增生【中国文献2】

Regarding biological gradient, one study, done by Kroghsbo, et al., has shown that rats fed transgenic Bt rice trended to a dose related response for Bt specific IgA.

考虑到生物梯度，研究发现喂食了BT水稻的转基因的老鼠的表现趋向于喂食了BT的 IgA的剂量表现

参考文献【11】

【5】Hill, AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965; 58:295-300.

【6】. Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON 810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Agric. Food Chem. 2008; 56(23):11533-11539.

【7】 Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, et al. A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean:effects on liver ageing. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008; 130:967-977.

【8】. Velimirov A, Binter C, Zentek J. Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Report-Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth. 2008.

【9】. Ewen S, Pustzai A. Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine.Lancet. 354:1353-1354.

【10】. Kilic A, Aday M. A three generational study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008; 46(3):1164-1170.

【11】. Kroghsbo S, Madsen C, Poulsen M, et al. Immunotoxicological studies of genetically modified rice expression PHA-E lectin or Bt toxin in Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2008; 245:24-34.