主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
这里所说的英语文学也包括了一般认为同样出自《高文》作者之手的其他诗歌——例如有一首题为《珍珠赞》(Pearl)的诗从基督徒的立场出发极其动人地哀悼了作者的两岁小女儿的夭折。但是要想看看这一时期最优秀的基督教诗歌,我们就必须从威勒尔半岛启程向南前往伍斯特郡与赫里福德郡之间的莫尔文丘陵。在这里我们将会遇到一位面目模糊的作者,此人大概是牛津的一名文书,名叫威廉.兰格伦。他的成名作品穷尽了比喻的力量,极其生动地描写了人世间的美德与堕落。这首《农夫皮尔斯》(Piers Plowman)的题材与亚瑟王以及骑士精神全然无关,而是愤怒地抨击了此时此地的英格兰,腐败的文书与贪婪的教士在这里掌握了太大的权力。这是我们这一路上遇到的第一首真正具有政治意味的诗歌。就像《高文》一样,大多数现代读者也需要借助翻译才能理解诗文内容:
IN a summer season when soft was the sun,
I clothed myself in a cloak as I shepherd were,
Habit like a hermit's unholy in works,
And went wide in the world wonders to hear.
But on a May morning on Malvern hills,
A marvel befell me of fairy, methought.
I was weary with wandering and went me to rest
Under a broad bank by a brook's side,
And as I lay and leaned over and looked into the waters
I fell into a sleep for it sounded so merry.
Then began I to dream a marvellous dream,
That I was in a wilderness wist I not where.
As I looked to the east right into the sun,
I saw a tower on a toft worthily built;
A deep dale beneath a dungeon therein,
With deep ditches and dark and dreadful of sight
A fair field full of folk found I in between,
Of all manner of men the rich and the poor,
Working and wandering as the world asketh.
Some put them to plow and played little enough,
At setting and sowing they sweated right hard
And won that which wasters by gluttony destroy.【摘自哈佛大学网站,译者不详】
适值夏日,阳光和煦,
身为羊倌的我披上毛毡衣,
装束成一位不思静修的隐士,
走遍这大千世界,到处探访奇闻。
五月的一天早晨,在莫尔文山中,
一桩怪事发生在了我的身上。
我行路过于劳累,便稍事歇息,
躺在一条小溪的宽敞堤岸上面
倚身凝望粼粼水波;
水声潺潺,片刻催我睡意大作,
并且步入了神奇的梦境。
我梦见自己置身旷野,一望无际,
可当我朝东仰望天上太阳时
却见山巅上有一座巍峨高塔,
幽深山涧里则暗藏一座黑牢,
深渊一团漆黑,令人毛骨悚然。
山巅与山谷之间是一片人头攒动的集市,
贫富贵贱的人们全都混杂在一起,
一个个汲汲营营,听凭俗世的驱遣。
有人忙于扶犁,无暇寻欢作乐,
终日里汗流浃背播种耕作,
辛苦打下的粮食却被老饕们恣意作践。
这里描写的依然是我们早已熟悉的英格兰风景。与山高林密的西北地区相比,这里的地势起伏要更加缓和。但是就像西北地区一样,这里的风景同样遭到了宗教信仰的改造。山顶变成了象征基督教真理的高塔,山谷变成了象征邪恶与阴间的地牢,两者之间的平原上挤满了汲汲营营的英格兰民众——一名中世纪作者只有在集市上才能一下子遇到这么多人。接下来作者向我们展现了一个充满不公平的国家,穷人汗流浃背,富人不劳而获。兰格伦将穷人比作被恶猫撕碎的老鼠。他显然很熟悉伦敦,也很清楚富有且腐败的神职人员与他们的同伙都能做出什么事来。他的诗文对英国社会进行了一番素描,其中有不少类型的英国人以前从未出现过。比方说下面这段文字写的是律师——千百年来激进派作家最喜欢抨击的活靶子:
There hovered an hundred in caps of silk,
Serjeants they seemed who practised at Bar,
Pleading the law for pennies and pounds,
And never for love of our Lord unloosing their lips.
You might better measure the mist on the Malvern hills,
Than get a sound out of their mouth unless money were showed.
近百名头戴丝质小帽的家伙在这里逡巡不去,
看这架势似乎是一群专精打官司的讼师,
收钱多少不拒,法条任意玩弄,
却从不肯为弘扬我主仁爱稍开尊口。
假若不掏钱就向让他们开腔做声,那是妄想,
还不如去测算莫尔文山间雾气尺寸几何。
集市现场常见的其他从业人员同样得到了栩栩如生的描绘:
Barons and burgesses and bondmen also
I saw in this crowd as you shall hear later.
Bakers and brewers and butchers a-many,
Woollen-websters and weavers of linen,
Tailors and tinkers toll-takers in markets,
Masons and miners and men of all crafts.
Of all kinds of labourers there stood forth some;
Ditchers and diggers that do their work ill
And spend all the day singing `Dieu vous sauve, dame Emme!'
Cooks and their knaves cried 'Pies, hot pies!
Good pork and good goose! Come, dine! Come, dine!'
贵族、市民和农夫摩肩接踵。
我还看到许多其他人,例如
众多面包师、酿酒商以及屠户,
羊毛织工与亚麻织工,
裁缝、补锅匠与税吏,
石匠,矿工,以及五行八作的手艺人。
各种苦力闲站在一旁,
本应挖沟刨坑,却懒得出力,
口中哼着小曲,“主佑爱玛夫人!”
厨子与小厮们极力吆喝,“刚出炉的馅饼!
上好的肥鹅肥猪!尝一个吧!尝一个吧!”
拄着铁锹不干活的筑路工人与热情揽客的快餐摊位,这样的景象放在现代社会也毫不违和,只不过多了一层中世纪宗教宣讲的外衣。但是这段描写毫无现代意味,而是体现了充满宗教隐喻的中世纪世界观。这样的诗歌提醒我们中世纪生活的感受与现代生活差异多么悬殊。比方说,根据这套世界观,就算大风与糟糕的天气也彰显了上帝的旨意。
He proved that these pestilences were purely for sin,
And the south-west wind on Saturday at even
Was plainly for pure pride and for no point else.
Pear-trees and plum-trees were puffed to the earth
For example, ye men that ye should do better.
Beeches and broad oaks were blown to the ground,
Turned upwards their tails in token of dread
That deadly sin at doomsday shall undo them all.
祂证明了这些灾殃的目的纯粹为了惩罚罪孽,
周六半夜的西南大风
不为别的,只为惩戒人们的傲慢。
梨树与李子树都被连根拔起
以儆效尤,你们凡人必须恪守德行。
山毛榉与粗壮的橡树也倒伏在地,
树根朝天,看上去多么可怖。
待到世界末日,这项死罪将会让它们悉数毁灭。
《农夫皮尔斯》的世界并不是我们的世界。兰格伦总觉得自己有责任穷形尽相地描写自己谴责的恶劣行为,可是《农夫皮尔斯》正是借此才保持了生动不羁的活力。他不仅谴责富人的腐败堕落,对于一般老百姓的粗鄙举止同样深恶痛绝。接下来这段诗文写的是七宗死罪之一的饕餮在当地酒馆喝啤酒,他的酒友都是一帮下九流的贱役,包括捕鼠人、扫街工、修补匠、马贩子以及针线小贩:
There was laughing and lowering and `Let go the cup!'
They sat so till evensong singing now and then,
Till Glutton had gulped down a gallon and a gill.
His guts 'gan to grumble like two greedy sows;
He pissed a pot-full in a paternoster-while;
And blew with the bugle at his backbone's end,
That all hearing that horn held their nose after
And wished it were stopped up with a wisp of furze.
人们狂笑怪叫,“干了这一杯!”
有时还会哼唱晚祷的歌曲。
饕餮灌下了整整一加仑又一口啤酒,
肚子里咕噜作响,好像二猪争食。
他用念一遍主祷文的时间尿了整整一缸。
接下来他又吹响了尾椎骨底下的号角,
听见号声的人们无不掩鼻闭气,
真想拿一束荆豆将那号角堵住。
【《农夫皮尔斯》的翻译借鉴了沈宏的《农夫皮尔斯》。】