主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
说到知名度最高且最有分量的一群战争诗人,他们眼中最大的罪孽就是鼓吹仇恨。他们当中的大部分人参战时满腔热情,终战时则一肚子怨愤。尽管书面记录不足以传达全部事实,但是罗伯特.格雷夫斯、西格里夫.萨松、威尔弗雷德.欧文、艾萨克.罗森伯格以及艾弗.格尼全都有资格在英国诗歌的故事里占据一席之地。他们的重要性与影响力足以与浪漫派诗人或者伊丽莎白时代的十四行诗诗人相提并论,尽管他们实现这一点的方式与前辈有所不同,而且违背了他们当中大多数人的意愿。
他们当中有一位诗人的诗名与战争诗歌的关系最小,也正是此人率先采用现实主义笔法描写了战壕里的生活。罗伯特.格雷夫斯的双亲分别是一位爱尔兰盖尔语学者与一位德国贵族,德国著名的民族主义史学家利奥波德.冯.兰克是他的亲戚。尽管与德国之间有这份关系,而且从小体弱多病,但是他依然在战争一开始就加入了英军,在皇家威尔士燧发枪团服役。他在索姆河战役期间身负重伤不过捡回了一条命。如今读者们提到他时往往首先会想到他在战后创作的作品,例如长篇小说《克劳狄乌斯自传》以及关于神话的论文。他的战争诗歌并不像他的好友萨松的作品那样充溢着火气,但是却像优秀的新闻报道一样清新迫切。请看《1915》:
I’VE watched the Seasons passing slow, so slow,
In the fields between La Bassée and Bethune;
Primroses and the first warm day of Spring,
Red poppy floods of June,
August, and yellowing Autumn, so 5
To Winter nights knee-deep in mud or snow,
And you’ve been everything.
我眼看着季节缓慢地经过,如此缓慢,
在拉巴塞与贝蒂讷之间的田地,
迎春花开放在第一个和煦春日,
赤红的虞美人在七八月份的夏季
恣意横流,还有秋天的金黄一片,
再加上齐膝深的冬夜积雪或者泥浆稀烂,
你这就算见识过了一年四季。
Dear, you’ve been everything that I most lack
In these soul-deadening trenches—pictures, books,
Music, the quiet of an English wood,
Beautiful comrade-looks,
The narrow, bouldered mountain-track,
The broad, full-bosomed ocean, green and black,
And Peace, and all that’s good.
亲爱的,你是我最缺乏的所有,
在这扼杀灵魂的战壕里——绘画,书籍,音乐旋律,
英格兰森林里的安宁,
同道友人的眼神多么美丽,
巨石嶙峋的山间小路狭窄而峭陡,
宽广的大海舒展碧绿与黝黑的胸口,
一切善与美的事物,以及和平。
但是随着战争推进,格雷夫斯的口吻也越发刚硬起来。在下面这首《死德国佬》(A Dead Boche)当中他将笔锋指向了国内的侵略主义思潮,笔法之恶毒足以与萨松或者欧文相媲美:
TO you who’d read my songs of War
And only hear of blood and fame,
I’ll say (you’ve heard it said before)
“War’s Hell!” and if you doubt the same,
Today I found in Mametz Wood
A certain cure for lust of blood:
你若读过我的战争诗歌,
却只听见了鲜血与荣耀,
那么——这话你肯定听过——我得跟你说:
“战争是地狱!”你若以为我开玩笑,
今天我在马梅斯森林之中
找到一物能治好嗜血发疯。
Where, propped against a shattered trunk,
In a great mess of things unclean,
Sat a dead Boche; he scowled and stunk
With clothes and face a sodden green,
Big-bellied, spectacled, crop-haired,
Dribbling black blood from nose and beard.
我看到半棵大树,上半截被炸得粉碎,
周遭土地浸透了各种肮脏污物,
树下坐着一名狰狞的死德国佬散发臭秽,
潮湿惨绿是他的衣装与面目,
肚皮膨胀,眼珠凸出,纠结的头发,
黑色的污血顺着鼻孔与胡须向下滴答。
西格里夫.萨松这个名字一看就像格雷夫斯一样与德国有瓜葛,不过事实并非如此。西格里夫或者说“齐格菲尔德”这个名字是他的母亲给他起的,这位女性是盎格鲁-天主教信徒,还是瓦格纳歌剧的粉丝。不过他的父亲则是犹太人。尽管萨松本人相貌英俊,作战勇猛而且才华横溢,但是他在英国上游社会却似乎总是觉得有些不自在。在所有以战争为题材的诗歌当中就属他的作品最为愤怒。1917年他甚至公开呼吁要与德国谈判停火。当时发表这种言论被视为叛国行径,很可能会害他遭到枪毙,好在朋友们发动各种关系把他送进了爱丁堡的一家精神病院。在病院里他结识了威尔弗雷德.欧文。萨松不仅在战场上表现英勇,而且心理上也很勇敢。他的诗歌通俗易懂,更接近匕首投枪式的讽刺而不是更深入的反思。以下用他的三首著名作品举例。第一首名叫《基地生活》(Base Details):
If I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath
I'd live with scarlet Majors at the Base,
And speed glum heroes up the line to death.
You'd see me with my puffy petulant face,
Guzzling and gulping in the best hotel,
Reading the Roll of Honour. "Poor young chap,"
I'd say — "I used to know his father well;
Yes, we've lost heavily in this last scrap."
And when the war is done and youth stone dead,
I'd toddle safely home and die — in bed.
若我暴躁、谢顶、气喘吁吁,
便可同面色绯红的少校们同住基地,
打发沉郁的英雄们去前线捐躯。
而我则绷起一张胖脸耍些脾气,
在最高档饭店里胡吃海塞没够,
还要翻阅阵亡名册:“多么悲痛,
我和这小子的父亲可是交情深厚;
好吧,最近这批新兵损失得有点惨重。”
当战争结束,当年轻人全都死去,
我便施施然回到家里,躺在床上咽气。【参考了段冶的译文】
第二首诗名叫《无所谓吧?》(Does it matter?):
DOES it matter?—losing your legs?...
For people will always be kind,
And you need not show that you mind
When the others come in after hunting
To gobble their muffins and eggs.
无所谓吧?双腿都断……
人们总是如此友善,
当他们打猎结束后走进餐馆
将松饼和鸡蛋狼吞虎咽,
你的难过无须表现。
Does it matter?—losing your sight?...
There’s such splendid work for the blind;
And people will always be kind,
As you sit on the terrace remembering
And turning your face to the light.
无所谓吧?双眼都盲……
有那么好的工作给盲人去干,
何况人们如此友善,
随你坐在阶上回想,
朝着阳光转过脸庞。
Do they matter?—those dreams from the pit?...
You can drink and forget and be glad,
And people won’t say that you’re mad;
For they’ll know you’ve fought for your country
And no one will worry a bit.
无所谓吧?弹坑残余的梦魇?……
何不纵酒,遗忘,开怀释然,
没人会笑你痴狂疯癫,
他们知道你曾为国家奋战,
相信你准会被安排妥善。
最后一首诗是《进攻》(Attack):
At dawn the ridge emerges massed and dun
In the wild purple of the glow'ring sun,
Smouldering through spouts of drifting smoke that shroud
The menacing scarred slope; and, one by one,
Tanks creep and topple forward to the wire.
The barrage roars and lifts. Then, clumsily bowed
With bombs and guns and shovels and battle-gear,
Men jostle and climb to, meet the bristling fire.
Lines of grey, muttering faces, masked with fear,
They leave their trenches, going over the top,
While time ticks blank and busy on their wrists,
And hope, with furtive eyes and grappling fists,
Flounders in mud. O Jesus, make it stop!
暗褐山峦,在黎明中巍然显现,
太阳怒目,射出紫色光焰,
它缓慢灼烧,以腾腾烟雾
包覆创痕累叠的坡面。
坦克鱼贯,朝铁网爬行、倾碾。
炮火的矩阵呼啸腾空。兵士背负
枪弹、衣甲和铁锨,在重压下佝偻,
推搡着攀向怒号的火线。
尘灰遮蔽、喃喃自语的脸,敷满惊恐,
他们离开战壕,要翻越山巅,
他们腕上,时间走得空洞而惶急,
目光犹疑、双拳紧攥的希望,在淤泥里挣扎。
基督啊!请让这一切停下!【段冶译】
西格里夫.萨松是一位著作等身的诗人,笔下名篇佳作数不胜数,笔者在此就不一一赘述了。不过笔者希望读者们此时都已看清,战争体验在萨松这一级别的诗人手里怎样改变了英国诗歌。原本只为追求音律效果而存在的松散辞藻被灼烧殆尽,林中仙子与闺中美女被劈砍一空,诗人们本着如救头燃的态度将为了艺术而艺术的穷尽颓废之风替换成了明确的现代化描述性语言。换言之,1915年愤怒且不耐烦地将英国诗歌一下子就从1852年拽到了1950年。战争几乎改变了英国的一切,英国与诗歌的关系也不能例外。
许多战争诗人都是同一个小圈子里的成员。罗伯特.格雷夫斯起初因为西格里夫.萨松的反战抗议而与后者吵得不可开交,但是后来还是多亏他从中斡旋,萨松才得以躲进精神病院。上游出身、气质浮华且自信饱满的萨松在病院里遇到了穷苦出身、缺乏自信的威尔弗雷德.欧文。这两人很有可能都是男同,后来也都选择了重返战场。欧文的运气差一些,死在了终战前的最后一周。他的诗作一度默默无闻,与此同时萨松则成为了全国名人。但是随着时间推移,欧文也逐渐成为了读者眼中最彻底的一战诗人,其他人都要站在他的荫庇之下。他从小生长在伯肯海德与舒斯伯里,父亲是一名火车站长。尽管家里没多少钱,但是多亏爱德华时代的文化普及,他就像许多其他家境不好的孩子们一样接受了丰富的教育——他浸淫在浪漫主义诗人们的作品当中,还以圣公会信徒的身份熟读了圣经。因此他的战争诗歌充满了各种节律,读起来铿锵有力,令萨松难忘项背。请看《青春挽歌》(Anthem for Doomed Youth)
What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?
Only the monstrous anger of the guns.
Only the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons.
要为牛羊一般的受死者敲起何等丧钟?
只有骇人的怒吼,来自狰狞的火炮。
只有喋喋不休又急切不断的枪声
可以仓促叨念出他们的死前祷告。
No mockeries for them;no prayers nor bells,
Nor any voice of mourning save the choirs, ——
The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells;
And bugles calling for them from sad shires.
没有虚伪的颂经,也没有祈祷或教堂鸣钟,
没有哀悼的歌唱,唯有唱诗班戳心戳肺——
嚎啕痛哭的炮弹,尖锐疯狂地合唱齐声,
还有悲哀阵地上的军号喝令他们或进或退。
What candles may be held to speed them all?
Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes
Shall shine the holy glimmers of goodbyes.
要托举着怎样的蜡烛催促他们启程?
并不在男孩的手里,而是在于眼神伤悲,
烛火闪耀着永诀不见的神圣光辉。
The pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall;
Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds,
And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds.
他们的棺布应当是女孩的苍白面容
温柔的忍耐化作花束与他们同归,
垂下的窗帘迎接每一次落日余晖。
欧文的最伟大作品《奇怪的会面》(Strange Meeting)的韵律完全现代化,同时又回荡着济慈与弥尔顿的气息,其中有些句子就连柯勒律治看了也要眼红:
It seemed that out of battle I escaped
Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped
Through granites which titanic wars had groined.
Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned,
Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred.
Then, as I probed them, one sprang up, and stared
With piteous recognition in fixed eyes,
Lifting distressful hands, as if to bless.
And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall,—
By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.
With a thousand fears that vision's face was grained;
Yet no blood reached there from the upper ground,
And no guns thumped, or down the flues made moan.
“Strange friend,” I said, “here is no cause to mourn.”
“None,” said that other, “save the undone years,
The hopelessness. Whatever hope is yours,
Was my life also; I went hunting wild
After the wildest beauty in the world,
Which lies not calm in eyes, or braided hair,
But mocks the steady running of the hour,
And if it grieves, grieves richlier than here.
For by my glee might many men have laughed,
And of my weeping something had been left,
Which must die now. I mean the truth untold,
The pity of war, the pity war distilled.
Now men will go content with what we spoiled.
Or, discontent, boil bloody, and be spilled.
They will be swift with swiftness of the tigress.
None will break ranks, though nations trek from progress.
Courage was mine, and I had mystery;
Wisdom was mine, and I had mastery:
To miss the march of this retreating world
Into vain citadels that are not walled.
Then, when much blood had clogged their chariot-wheels,
I would go up and wash them from sweet wells,
Even with truths that lie too deep for taint.
I would have poured my spirit without stint
But not through wounds; not on the cess of war.
Foreheads of men have bled where no wounds were.
I am the enemy you killed, my friend.
I knew you in this dark: for so you frowned
Yesterday through me as you jabbed and killed.
I parried; but my hands were loath and cold.
Let us sleep now. . . .”
我似乎从战场上逃命脱身,
钻进了一条甬道漫长幽深,
挖穿了花岗岩,应当是巨神大战的遗迹,
多少沉睡之人横躺在甬道里呻吟叹气,
要么思虑重重,要么早已死透,全都一动不动,
我戳了戳其中一个,他立刻起身两眼圆瞪,
神情可怜,眼神空洞神采全无,
举起颤巍巍的双手,似乎要为我祝福。
看他的微笑,我认出了这沉闷之地,
他笑得死气沉沉,因此我们身在地狱。
一千重恐惧打磨出这个幻象的面孔纹理,
但是地面上的鲜血却流不到这里,
听不见枪炮齐鸣,也没有呻吟传来顺着烟道,
“奇特的朋友啊,”我说,“这里并没有理由哀悼。”
“确实没有,”对方说道,“除了荒废的年岁时刻,
全无希望。无论你的希望都是些什么,
我的生平也是一样。我曾在野外狩猎,
追逐最狂野的美丽走遍全世界,
这份美丽不在于精美的发辫或者眼神的静谧,
但却嘲笑着从不暂停的时光逝去,
它若是哀悼,要比这里的哀悼更加堂皇富丽。
我的欢乐让多少人笑得没够,
我的哭泣将某些事物留在身后,
现在必定早已死亡,那些无人言说的事实根由,
战争当中的悲剧,悲惨战争的提纯蒸馏。
我们糟蹋了这许多,没有离人会感到满意,
不满的离人必将鲜血沸腾泼洒在地。
他们将像雌虎扑食一般迅捷又快速,
他们不会离队,尽管列国都已背离进步。
我曾勇敢,我曾神秘莫测:
我曾智慧,我曾自主掌握:
我避让过了这个撤退世界的行军匆忙,
他们将要躲进空虚堡垒四周没有护墙。
当干涸鲜血糊住了他们的战车轮,
我将从甜水井中汲水为他们洗尘,
甚至还会用上事实,埋藏太深不会变色。
我将会倾倒出我的精神绝不吝啬,
但是并非通过伤口,并非通过战争的税负。
无伤之人的前额同样血流如注。
我是被你所杀的敌人,我的朋友。
我在黑暗中认识了你:因为昨天你眉头紧皱
瞪着我,将刺刀扎进我的胸膛。
我试图格挡,但是双手沉重冰凉。
让我们安息吧……”
最后,对于一本要用诗歌来串联各时代英国体验的书来说,决不能放过欧文的最著名作品《为国捐躯》(Dulce Et Decorum Est)——当时英国的每一所中小学都会用金字将这行拉丁文写在显要之处。
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame, all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.
弯腰低头,像个老乞丐驮着沉重包裹,
迈八字脚,像巫婆一样咳嗽,我们在污泥里诅咒,
然后转身背对信号弹挂在半空迟迟不落,
开始朝着遥远的兵营一步步向前凑。
人们半睡半醒地行进。许多人将军靴丢掉,
却仍步履蹒跚,顾不得瘸腿瞎眼,血流不断,
累得如同烂醉;聋得都听不到炮弹尖啸,
一枚枚毒气弹柔和地落在他们后面。
Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! - An ecstay of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And floundering like a man in fire or lime. -
Dim through the misty panes and thick green light
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.
In all my dreams before my helpless sight
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.
氯气!氯气!快跑啊兄弟们!——一阵激烈狂乱,
刚刚来得及把粗劣的面具带上;
但是有些人还在喊叫,脚下磕磕绊绊,
像是在火焰或是硝石当中挣扎踉跄……
一片阴暗,透过迷蒙护目镜与浓绿亮光,
宛如沉入幽绿海水,我看见他在溺毙。
在我所有梦中都无助地看他在我前方,
向我扑来,奄奄一息,呛水断气。
If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Bitter as the cud
of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, -
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori.
假使在窒息的梦里,你也能跟随卡车,
当我们将他扔进车里尽快转移,
看着他脸上乱转不止的白眼两颗,
脸色如同吊死鬼,又像魔鬼罪孽化成的恶疾;
假使你能听见,每一次颠簸让血浆
流出毒沫侵蚀的肺叶,汩汩作响在喉头,
苦得好像反刍入口的毒疮,
不治的溃疡覆盖了无罪的舌头,——
我的朋友,那你就不会如此热情地
向渴求光荣的孩童宣讲古老的谎言:
为国捐躯,合宜而又甘甜。
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