主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
塞西尔.戴-刘易斯、路易斯.马克尼斯以及斯蒂芬.斯彭德的文坛形象多多少少都受到了奥登的遮蔽。但是这三个人的观察眼光都很敏锐,也都为二十世纪的英国留下了各自的记录。戴-刘易斯生在爱尔兰,在牛津上了大学。有人质问为什么第二次世界大战缺乏战争诗歌的描写,戴-刘易斯则代表他们这个小团体做出回应,指出原因在于左派的梦想已经破灭。请看《战争诗人在哪里?》(Where Are The War Poets ?):
They who in folly or mere greed
Enslaved religion, markets, laws,
Borrow our language now and bid
Us to speak up in freedom's cause.
他们由于愚蠢或者单纯的贪婪
奴役了宗教、市场与法律,
如今又借走了我们的语言,
要求我们高唱自由的旋律。
It is the logic of our times,
No subject for immortal verse -
That we who lived by honest dreams
Defend the bad against the worse
这是我们这个时代的逻辑,
并无题材配得上不朽诗行——
我们要想凭借诚实梦境活下去,
就只得帮助恶棍抵挡混世魔王。
但是在这四人当中笔者本人最喜欢的还是生在贝尔法斯特的路易斯.马克尼斯。此人从来都算不得宣传诗人,但是描绘周遭世界的笔法却可圈可点。下面节选的是他的代表作《风笛音乐》(Bagpipe music),诗文充满了欢闹的活力,韵律令人上瘾。由此可见,即便在二十世纪三十年代,社会评论也不必非得板着脸孔说教不可:
It’s no go the merrygoround, it’s no go the rickshaw,
All we want is a limousine and a ticket for the peepshow.
Their knickers are made of crêpe-de-chine, their shoes are made of python,
Their halls are lined with tiger rugs and their walls with heads of bison.
这可不是坐旋转木马,也不是骑跷跷板,
我们只想乘坐豪车,去观赏单间艳舞表演。
她们的鞋子是蟒蛇皮,她们的内裤是双绉绸,
虎纹挂毯装饰大厅,墙上挂得是野牛头。
John MacDonald found a corpse, put it under the sofa,
Waited till it came to life and hit it with a poker,
Sold its eyes for souvenirs, sold its blood for whisky,
Kept its bones for dumb-bells to use when he was fifty.
约翰.麦克唐纳发现一具死尸,塞在沙发底下,*
一直等到它活过来,再用烧火棍打趴下,
卖了它的眼珠当纪念,卖了它的血换威士忌,
留下它的骨头当哑铃,等到五十岁拿来练力气。
*【约翰.麦克唐纳是当时苏格兰著名的风笛演奏家,平时以推销威士忌为主业。】
It’s no go the Yogi-Man, it’s no go Blavatsky,
All we want is a bank balance and a bit of skirt in a taxi.
靠不住的印度秘术大师,靠不住的布拉瓦茨基,*
我们只希望银行里有点存款,拉着女朋友去打的。
*【即海伦.彼得罗夫娜.布拉瓦茨基,十九世纪神秘学家、预言家。】
Annie MacDougall went to milk, caught her foot in the heather,
Woke to hear a dance record playing of Old Vienna.
It’s no go your maidenheads, it’s no go your culture,
All we want is a Dunlop tyre and the devil mend the puncture.
安妮.麦克唐纳去挤牛奶,欧石楠绊住她的脚跟,
醒过来听见《老维也纳》舞曲的录音。
靠不住你的文化,靠不住你的处女膜,
我们只想要一个邓禄普轮胎,让魔鬼将破口弥合。
诗人在一片欢声笑语之下安插了大量尖锐的社会讽刺。这显然不是剑桥大学的理想主义左派们希望见到的文化。另一方面,期望更好生活的真正工人阶级的表现也令知识分子们大失所望。但是马克尼斯听上去却不怎么沮丧:
It’s no go the Herring Board, it’s no go the Bible,
All we want is a packet of fags when our hands are idle.
靠不住鲱鱼捕捞委员会,靠不住圣经篇章,
我们只想要一包香烟,当我们双手闲得发慌。
It’s no go the picture palace, it’s no go the stadium,
It’s no go the country cot with a pot of pink geraniums,
It’s no go the Government grants, it’s no go the elections,
Sit on your arse for fifty years and hang your hat on a pension.
靠不住体育馆,靠不住画廊,
靠不住摆着粉色天竺葵的乡间草房,
靠不住政府补贴,靠不住选举,
一腚坐上五十年好将退休金领取。
It’s no go my honey love, it’s no go my poppet;
Work your hands from day to day, the winds will blow the profit.
The glass is falling hour by hour, the glass will fall forever,
But if you break the bloody glass you won’t hold up the weather.
靠不住我的心肝爱人,靠不住我的玩偶,
一天又一天的操劳,利润都被大风刮走。
气压表时时刻刻都在降低,气压表将会永远跌落,
可是就算你砸烂该死的气压表也挡不住风雨大作。
大萧条过后的三十年代成为了享乐主义盛行的时期——英国南方的享乐风气更胜于北方——消费主义文化第一次在英国爆发开来,为英国人带来了巴特林度假营、相对廉价的汽车以及遍布各地的电影院。马克尼斯的长诗《秋日杂记》(Autumn Journal)篇幅漫长,结构松散,可读性极强,反映了二战前夕英国的景象。在以下这段典型节选当中,我们可以看到诗人与这样的生活难解难分:
And the passing of the Morning Post and of life's climacteric
And the growth of vulgarity, cars that pass the gate-lodge
And crowds undressing on the beach
And the hiking cockney lovers with thoughts directed
Neither to God nor Nation but each to each.
But the home is still a sanctum under the pelmets,
All quiet on the Family Front,
Farmyard noises across the fields at evening
While the trucks of the Southern Railway dawdle .... shunt
Into poppy sidings for the night - night which knows no passion
No assault of hands or tongue
For all is old as flint or chalk or pine-needles
And the rebels and the young
Have taken the train to town or the two-seater
Unravelling rails or road,
Losing the thread deliberately behind them--
Autumnal palinode.
And I am in the train too now and summer is going
South as I go north
Bound for the dead leaves falling, the burning bonfire,
The dying that brings forth
The harder life, revealing the trees' girders,
The frost that kills the germs of laissez-faire;
West Meon, Tisted, Farnham, Woking, Weybridge,
Then London's packed and stale and pregnant air.
My dog, a symbol of the abandoned order,
Lies on the carriage floor,
Her eyes inept and glamorous as a film star's,
Who wants to live, i.e. wants more
Presents, jewellery, furs, gadgets, solicitations
As if to live were not
Following the curve of a planet or controlled water
But a leap in the dark, a tangent, a stray shot.
It is this we learn after so many failures,
The building of castles in sand, of queens in snow,
That we cannot make any corner in life or in life' s beauty,
That no river is a river which does not flow.
Surbiton, and a woman gets in, painted
With dyed hair but a ladder in her stocking and eyes
Patient beneath the calculated lashes,
Inured for ever to surprise;
《早间邮报》与人生转折点的逝去
粗俗的增长,经过大门岗亭的汽车
在海滩上脱衣的人群
远足的伦敦东区恋人们,他们的思绪
既非指向上帝,亦非国家,而是指向彼此。
但是家依然是窗帘盒之下的圣所,
家庭前线一片寂静,
农场的喧嚣在夜晚穿过田野
南线铁路的车皮慢悠悠地行驶……转轨到了
虞美人从中的支线上过夜——这夜晚不知激情
没有手或舌头发起的袭击
因为一切都像燧石、白垩或者松针一样古老,
而叛逆者与年轻人们
乘坐火车或者双座汽车进了城
将铁路或公路展开,
故意在身后留下线头——
秋天的撤回诗。
我也在火车上,随着我往北去
夏天正在南行
我要前往枯叶飘落、篝火燃烧、
旨在诞生的死亡
更艰难的生活揭露了树木的梁柱
杀死了放任主义细菌的霜冻
西梅昂,提斯特德,法汉姆,沃金,韦布里奇
拥挤、陈腐、怀孕的伦敦空气。
我的狗,被抛弃的秩序的象征
躺在车厢地板上,
她的眼睛笨拙而又迷人恰似电影明星,
想要生活,想要更多
礼物、珠宝、皮草、玩意、教唆
就好像活着并不必
遵循行星或者受控流水的曲线
而是一步跃入黑暗,一条切线,一发流弹。
这么多次失败之后我们学到了这一点,
在沙地上搭建城堡,用雪堆砌女王雕像,
在生活当中或者生活的美好当中无法投机取巧,
不流淌的河流就算不上河流。
瑟比顿站,一个女人走进车厢,
满头染发,但是丝袜破损成梯子状,眼睛
耐心地隐藏在精心计算的睫毛下,
始终做好令人吃惊的准备;
但是在离开马克尼斯之前假如不介绍一下他笔下最优秀的短诗,那将是极其不负责任的行为。《雪》(Snow)展现了诗人能怎样在最平凡琐碎的时刻当中发现新颖且有用的思想。如果三十年代还有一首诗能给人带来慰藉,那么肯定就是下面这首:
The room was suddenly rich and the great bay-window was
Spawning snow and pink roses against it
Soundlessly collateral and incompatible:
World is suddener than we fancy it.
房间突然丰饶了起来,硕大的凸窗
引起了落雪,倚着它的粉色玫瑰
无声地既配合又不相容:
世界比我们的幻想更加突然。
World is crazier and more of it than we think,
Incorrigibly plural. I peel and portion
A tangerine and spit the pips and feel
The drunkenness of things being various.
这世界的疯狂比我们的设想更深且更多,
根深蒂固的复数。我将一个橘子
剥皮分瓣,吐出橘核,感受到了
事物多样性的熏熏醉意。
And the fire flames with a bubbling sound for world
Is more spiteful and gay than one supposes—
On the tongue on the eyes on the ears in the palms of one's hands—
There is more than glass between the snow and the huge roses.
炉火发出泡泡一般的声响
这世界比我们的假设更美好也更恶意——
在舌尖在眼里在耳中在某人的手掌——
雪与硕大玫瑰丛之间不止隔着一层玻璃。
到现在为止我们遇到的三十年代政治诗人都是左派。实际上这一时期的绝大多数政治诗人也的确是左派,但是反例并非没有。比方说最早提出“马克斯彭登戴”这个诨号的人就是一位激进右派罗伊.坎贝尔。他也志愿参加了西班牙内战,不过加入了法西斯一方对抗社会主义者。坎贝尔生于南非,是一位酒量过人的骑手兼钓鱼迷。起初他一头栽进了牛津与伦敦的痛饮高歌的波希米亚圈子,但是后来却完全站到了当时流行的弗洛伊德主义与马克思主义的对立面上。他的妻子与弗吉尼亚.伍尔芙的女友维塔.萨克维尔-韦斯特展开了一场女同恋爱,致使他与布鲁姆斯伯里团体最终闹翻,并且将后者当成了凶恶嘲讽的对象。接下来坎贝尔搬到了西班牙,目睹了共产主义者大肆杀害神父与修女的惨状,致使他决定支持弗朗哥的法西斯独裁政权,尽管在二战开始时他还是背弃了纳粹并且加入了英军。
坎贝尔的极端政治立场与极端讽刺文笔在相当程度上损害了他的身后名誉。休.麦克迪尔米德就曾经写了一首长诗专门攻击他。但是在他最得意时,坎贝尔也曾被人拿来与T.S.艾略特相提并论,后来他还成为了狄兰.托马斯的密友与同事。下面这首《我们就像大千世界》(We are Like Worlds)一方面采用了历史正在前进的左派感受,另一方面又采用了D.H.劳伦斯的自我主义与意象。
We bear to future times the secret news
That first was whispered to the new-made earth:
We are like worlds with nations in our thews,
Shaped for delight, and primed for endless birth.
We never kiss but vaster shapes possess
Our bodies: towering up into the skies,
We wear the night and thunder for our dress,
While, vaster than imagination, rise
Two giant forms, like cobras flexed to sting,
Bending their spines in one tremendous ring
With all the starlight burning through their eyes,
Fire in their loins, and on their lips the hiss
Of breath indrawn above some steep abyss.
When, like the sun, our heavenly desire
Has turned this flesh into a cloud of fire
Through which our nerves their strenuous lightning fork
Eternity has blossomed in an hour
And as we gaze upon that wondrous flower
We think the world a beetle on its stalk.
我们为未来时代带来了秘密的消息,
这第一条要低声耳语传递给新造的大地:
我们就像众多世界,列国是我们的筋肉气力,
为了欢乐而塑造,为得是无尽的孕育。
我们从不亲吻,但是更宏大的形状
占据了我们的身体:一直通到天上,
我们将夜幕与雷霆当做蔽体衣裳,
此外另有两大巨物,规模无法想象,
恰似一对眼镜蛇准备亮出毒牙刺扎,
脊柱弯曲呈巨环形,姿态蓄势待发,
它们的眼里燃烧着无尽的星光闪耀,
烈火缠腰,双唇间传出喘息嘶叫
这声响将无底深渊笼罩
那时就像太阳,我们天堂一般的欲望
将这具肉体转化成了火云万丈
在其中他们那强健的闪电就是我们的神经
永恒在一个钟点之内绽放
当我们将这神奇的花朵凝望
我们觉得这世界只是甲虫攀爬花茎。
坎贝尔也创作过很有分量的宗教诗歌,但是他的专长还是在于剃刀一般锋利的讽刺。下面这首四行诗讽刺的是某些南非小说家:
You praise the firm restraint with which they write -
I'm with you there, of course:
They use the snaffle and the curb all right,
But where's the bloody horse?
你赞扬他们写作严格讲规矩——
你这话我当然认可:
他们又拽嚼子又拉缰绳,动作都对,
可是他们的马死哪去了?
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