主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
尽管亨德森的创作活动一直持续到二十世纪七十年代,反对部署北极星制导导弹的抗议运动也催生了一首脍炙人口的歌谣,但是二十世纪四十年代对于苏格兰诗坛来说依然是承前启后的重要十年。一大批苏格兰诗人从麦克迪尔米德的阴影当中走了出来。有些人用苏格兰语创作,也有些人用英语,索利.麦克林干脆用盖尔语。这其中最具才华的一位当属罗伯特.加里奥赫。他生在爱丁堡,父亲是一名画家。二战期间他应征加入了皇家通信团,还在德国战俘营里蹲了三年。他笔下最具特色的诗作都是针对爱丁堡日常生活的讽刺,创作于战争之后,用得是苏格兰语。他还是一名出色的翻译,将罗马诗人乔赛普.贝利的毒舌意大利语十四行诗翻译成了苏格兰语。下面这首诗名叫《意大利来信》(Letter from Italy),是一封从北非战场发往国内的情书:
From large red bugs, a refugee,
I make my bed beneath the sky,
safe from the crawling enemy
though not secure from nimbler flea.
Late summer darkness comes, and now
I see again the homely Plough
and wonder: do you also see
the seven stars as well as I?
And it is good to find a tie
of seven stars from you to me.
Lying on deck, on friendly seas,
I used to watch, with no delight,
new unsuggestive stars that light
the tedious Antipodes.
Now in a hostile land I lie,
but share with you these
ancient high familiar named divinities.
Perimeters have bounded me,
sad rims of desert and of sea,
the famous one around Tobruk,
and now barbed wire, which way I look,
except above - the Pleiades.
一名躲避硕大红臭虫的难民,
我在天幕下铺床,
远离蠢蠢欲动的敌人们,
尽管躲不开更灵活的跳蚤
夏末的夜色终于降临,现在
我再次看到了家所在的普劳市
并且心想:你是否也会
像我一样看到北斗七星?
能找到北斗星这样的纽带
来连接你我,真是很好。
躺在甲板上,在温柔的海面航行,
我曾经毫不开心地观察
一本正经的新星,星光照亮了
身边乏味的节肢动物。
现在我躺在敌对的土地,
但依然与你分享这些
古代命名的、熟悉的崇高神祇。
周边环境束缚了我,
困在沙漠与海水的悲哀交界,
位于名城托布鲁克外围,
举目所见到处都是铁丝网
唯独的例外在于抬头看——那是昴星团。
接下来这首诗名叫《个人财产》(Property),反映了战争会怎样剥除一个人的外在,只留下内里的本质,并且将他原本关于哪些事物更加重要的看法震得粉碎:
Our man should have no thought for property
he said, and drank down his pint.
Mirage is found in the desert and elsewhere
Later, in Libya (sand & scrub,
the Sun two weeks to Midsummer)
he carried all his property over the sand:
socks, knife and spoon, a dixie,
toilet kit, the Works of Shakespeare,
blanket, groundsheet, greatcoat,
and a water bottle holding no more water...
我们的人不该想着财产
他说,一口喝干了啤酒。
到处都是海市蜃楼,在沙漠里
以及之后在利比亚(黄沙与灌木
进入仲夏两周后的烈日)
他带着他的所有财产趴在沙地上:
袜子,小刀,勺子,塑料叉子,
出恭用具,莎士比亚选集,
毯子,铺地单,大衣,
还有一个早就喝干了的水壶……
诗人与其他“被烤干的人们”一起走过沙漠——读者们恐怕会以为他们此时已经沦为了战俘——然后一阵酷热干风就刮了起来:
Suffusing the sand in the air,
the sun burned in darkness.
No man now whistled, only the sandy wind.
The greatcoat first, then blanket discarded
and the other property lay absurd on the Desert,
but he kept his water-bottle.
In February, in a cold wet climate,
he has permanent damp in his bones
for the lack of that groundsheet.
He has a different notion of the values of things.
黄沙在空气中弥漫,
太阳在黑暗中燃烧。
没有人再吹口哨,只有风卷黄沙。
先扔掉了大衣,又扔掉了毯子,
然后其他物品也可笑地躺在了沙漠里。
但是他留住了自己的水壶。
在二月,在潮湿阴冷的天气
潮气始终藏身在他的骨头缝
因为铺地单没有了。
他对于事物价值的理解不太一样。
加里奥赫的诗文不遮不掩,毫无自怜心态,以他人所不能及的笔力展示了战争的真相。但是加里奥赫的典型作品还是讽刺诗,用语杂糅了苏格兰语与英语。下面这首诗名叫《伟人一瞥》(Glisk of the Great):
I saw him comin out the N.B.Grill
Creashy and winey, wi his famous voice
Crackin some comic bawr to please three choice
Notorious bailies, lauchan fit to kill
我看他走出了N.B.格利尔饭店,*
满面油光,浑身酒气,一开腔人人熟悉
满嘴抖包袱,要让身边三位要人满意,
都是臭名昭著的治安官,好一身气派打扮。
*【N.B.格利尔饭店是位于爱丁堡王子大街上的一家豪华餐厅。】
Syne thae fowre crousie cronies clam intill
A muckle big municipal Rolls Royce,
And disappeared, aye lauchan, wi a noise
That dront the taffc, towards the Calton Hill.
四位勾肩搭背的人物手脚并用地爬进
市政府的公车,好大一辆劳斯莱斯,
一阵突突乱响,车子开动,立刻消失
汇入车流,朝着加尔顿山的方向前进。
As they rade by, it seemed the sun was shinin
Brichter nor usual roun thae cantie three
That wi thon willkent Heid-yin had been dinin.
随着他们的汽车驶过,看起来阳光照射
在这三位身上,更加明亮耀眼,
陪着大佬吃一顿饭,阳光平添几分亮色。
Nou that's the kinna thing I like to see;
Tho ye and I look on an canna jyn in,
It gies our toun some tone, ye'll aa agree.
这一幕真是看得我心花怒放,
尽管他们吃饭肯定不会叫上咱们,
可是不得不说,他们壮观了本市的气象。
这首诗并不会出自休.麦克迪尔米德之手——因为写得太温和了。但是它显示了苏格兰文学复兴的成果。自从罗伯特.弗格森死后,或者说自从中世纪晚期的邓巴与亨利森之后就似乎消失的笔调与精神似乎在二十世纪得到了奇迹般的恢复。
而且不光是苏格兰。正当加里奥赫与其他苏格兰诗人们昂首阔步地前进时,一位年轻的威尔士诗人狄兰.托马斯也正在崭露头角。今天的读者提起托马斯往往不会将他视为战争诗人当中的一员。他喜好痛饮,精神上是一位超现实主义者,还具有笔下生花的非凡天赋。另一方面,他的短暂一生的大部分时间多在伦敦度过,亲历了德军的闪电战,并且用诗歌生动记录了战争对于普通民众们的影响。下面这首诗的题目就叫做《清晨空袭的遇害者当中有一位百岁老人》(Among those killed in the dawn raid was a man aged a hundred):
When the morning was waking over the war
He put on his clothes and stepped out and he died,
The locks yawned loose and a blast blew them wide,
He dropped where he loved on the burst pavement stone
And the funeral grains of the slaughtered floor.
Tell his street on its back he stopped a sun
And the craters of his eyes grew springshots and fire
When all the keys shot from the locks, and rang.
Dig no more for the chains of his grey-haired heart.
The heavenly ambulance drawn by a wound
Assembling waits for the spade's ring on the cage.
O keep his bones away from the common cart,
The morning is flying on the wings of his age
And a hundred storks perch on the sun's right hand.
当清晨被战争唤醒
他穿上衣服走出门然后就死了,
门还没锁,呵欠般敞着,又被气浪轰开,
他倒在了曾经爱过的地方,人行道铺石飞溅,
恰似葬礼上的谷粒,落在屠场的地面
告诉他那仰面朝天的街道,他停住了太阳
他眼里的弹坑生长出了流弹与烈火
所有的钥匙从锁眼中射出并且鸣响。
不要再为他那颗白发之心的锁链而挖掘。
被伤口吸引来的天堂救护车
集结在一旁,等待铁铲切中铁笼的那一刻。
啊,让他的骨骸远离普通的马车
这个清晨将要插上他的高寿的双翼
一百只鹳鸟将栖息在太阳的右手上。
就像许多艺术家一样,狄兰.托马斯的思想也有好走极端的一面,下面这首《拒绝哀悼死于伦敦大火中的孩子》(A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London)就是个好例子。托马斯的诗文往往失之于滔滔不绝的任性放纵,诗句当中的词语与象征几乎各有主张。像这样的晚期浪漫主义风格在四十年代的英国可谓相当醒目。但是在这首诗当中,托马斯却极力控制住了自己的奔放笔触,为自己披上了一层往往与十七世纪宗教诗人联系在一起的庄严宏大气象:
Never until the mankind making
Bird beast and flower
Fathering and all humbling darkness
Tells with silence the last light breaking
And the still hour
Is come of the sea tumbling in harness
直到人类的力量
能将鸟兽鲜花创作
那万物之父,令万物低头的黑暗
才会无声地吩咐最后一线光亮
那静寂的时刻
将会来自轭具下的大海的噪乱
And I must enter again the round
Zion of the water bead
And the synagogue of the ear of corn
Shall I let pray the shadow of a sound
Or sow my salt seed
In the least valley of sackcloth to mourn
而我也再度来到
水珠一般浑圆的圣地
以及玉蜀黍的辉煌圣殿
那时我才能用影子一般的声音祷告
把我那拌了盐粒的种子
悲恸地撒满每一道披着麻布的山涧。
The majesty and burning of the child's death.
I shall not murder
The mankind of her going with a grave truth
Nor blaspheme down the stations of the breath
With any further
Elegy of innocence and youth.
那孩子的死亡高贵而又灼烫
我不会杀戮
她的人类,伴随着严峻的现实
更不会将那呼吸借以栖身的站台毁谤
以至于更进一步
唱起无辜与青春的悼词。
Deep with the first dead lies London's daughter,
Robed in the long friends,
The grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother,
Secret by the unmourning water
Of the riding Thames.
After the first death, there is no other.
伦敦的女儿与最初的死者并肩躺卧
披裹着长长的朋友行列
亘古的谷物,她母亲的黑暗血脉
沉入了无情流水的缄默
泰晤士河滔滔入海,毫不关切。
最初的死亡之后,死亡不会再来。
在搬到伦敦之前,托马斯断断续续地在威尔士乡间度过了自己的童年时光。四十年代英国文化界的浪漫主义回潮——无疑是针对三十年代政治诗歌以及现代主义思潮的反动——看上去往往极其累人。这一时期出现了大量故作古风的绘画与端着架子的诗歌。但是托马斯笔下最优秀的作品却充满了草木清新之气,至今读起来仍能令人心曳神驰。以下选取的是《蕨山》(Fern Hill)一诗的开头:
Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs
About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green,
The night above the dingle starry,
Time let me hail and climb
Golden in the heydays of his eyes,
And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple towns
And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves
Trail with daisies and barley
Down the rivers of the windfall light.
苹果树枝下舒展着年轻的我
在欢快的房子旁边,像绿草一样快乐,
幽谷的夜空繁星闪烁,
时间让我欢呼与攀登。
美好的岁月在他眼中镀上金色,
苹果镇上的王子,马车簇拥着我。
曾经美好的日子,我统治着树木和叶子。
小径遍布着雏菊和麦穗。
溪流中被风吹落。
And as I was green and carefree, famous among the barns
About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,
In the sun that is young once only,
Time let me play and be
Golden in the mercy of his means,
And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves
Sang to my horn, the foxes on the hills barked clear and cold,
And the sabbath rang slowly
In the pebbles of the holy streams.
躺在谷仓里,青涩而无忧的我。
家是幸福的庭院和歌,
在只年轻一次的太阳里,
时间让我玩耍与放肆
金色年华仰赖他的垂怜施舍,
嫩绿而又金黄,我是猎手与牧人,牛犊
随我的号角而歌唱,和着山上狐狸清冷的吠声,
还有悠扬的唱诗班的歌。
在圣泉的鹅卵石间流淌着。
All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay
Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air
And playing, lovely and watery
And fire green as grass.
And nightly under the simple stars
As I rode to sleep the owls were bearing the farm away,
All the moon long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars
Flying with the ricks, and the horses
Flashing into the dark.
整日都在奔跑,多么可爱,田野里的
草垛像房子那么高,烟囱踩着节拍,吞吐着烟火。
雀跃着,可爱又水灵的
火苗像青草一样碧绿。
明朗的夜空疏星错落。
梦中我骑着猫头鹰从农场上飞过,
整夜里听着,夜鹰的群祷
飞过马厩和草垛。【日野俊基网友译,有修改】
在英伦三岛的另一边也有另一个小男孩正在享受无拘无束的快乐童年,他所在的地区长期以来似乎都被二十世纪遗忘了。埃德温.缪亚生于1887年,出生地是奥克尼群岛。他从小耳濡目染的环境充满了口口相传的民间故事,纯靠人力与畜力的农耕与捕鱼,日常生活中几乎见不到机械。1901年全家人搬到了格拉斯哥,而他终生都没能从远离乐园的创伤当中恢复过来。缪亚一开始结交了休.麦克迪尔米德,后来又与其反目,并且背离了苏格兰民族主义。他是一位国际主义者,将卡夫卡的作品翻译介绍给了英国读者。他活到了核战恐怖笼罩全球的时代,而核战也成为了他笔下最优美的诗作之一《马》(Horses)的模糊背景。他在诗中对比了童年的奥克尼与二十世纪的世界:
Those lumbering horses in the steady plough,
On the bare field-I wonder why, just now,
They seem terrible, so wild and strange,
Like magic power on the stony grange
马匹拖着平稳的犁,步履蹒跚地走过
贫瘠的田地——我不知道为何在此时此刻
它们看上去如此可怖、狂野而又怪异,
恰似笼罩石头谷仓的魔力。
Perhaps some childish hour has come again,
When I watched fearful, through the blackening rain,
Their hooves like pistons in an ancient mill
Move up and down, yet seem as standing still.
或许某些幼稚的时刻再度来临,
我恐惧地看着,透过大雨倾盆,
它们的四蹄恰似古老工厂里的活塞运动
一上一下地发力,然而却看似一动不动。
Their conquering hooves which trod the stubble down
Were ritual that turned the field to brown,
And their great hulks were seraphim of gold,
Or mute ecstatic monsters on the mould.
征服的四蹄将秸秆残茬全都踩倒
将田地变成棕色的仪式不可缺少,
恰似炽天使的金身,是它们的硕大身材,
又好似沉默而狂喜的怪物从土丘上走来。
And oh the rapture, when, one furrow done,
They marched broad-breasted to the sinking sun!
The light flowed off their bossy sides in flakes;
The furrows rolled behind like struggling snakes.
何等的喜悦,当它们耕完一行,
挺着宽阔的胸口,走向沉没的夕阳
余晖落在它们壮硕的身躯,又流淌在地
蜿蜒的田垄好似巨蛇正在悄然发力。
But when at dusk with streaming nostrils home
They came, they seemed gigantic in the gloam
And warm and glowing with mysterious fire
That lit their smouldering bodies in the mire.
但是当它们在傍晚走来,鼻孔喷着白气升腾,
暮光下它们的体型看上去真是硕大无朋
温暖且熠熠生辉,神秘的火焰
点燃了它们阴燃的身躯在沼地里面。
Their eyes as brilliant and as wide as the night
Gleamed with a cruel apocalyptic light.
Their manes the leaping ire of the wind
Lifted with rage invisible and blind.
它们的双眼炯炯有神,如同夜晚一般狂放
闪烁着残忍的、末日劫难一般的光亮。
它们的鬃毛在风中跃动竖立
彰显着无形而又盲目的怒气。
Ah, now it fades! It fades! And I must pine
Again for that dread country crystalline,
Where the black field and the still-standing tree
Were bright and fearful presences to me
啊,消逝了!消逝了!我这才长出一口气
骇人的乡村结晶吓得我毛骨悚立
黑色的田野,一动不动的树木,
在我眼中既明亮又可怖。
缪亚还有另一首诗名叫《马群》(The Horses),创作于战后。这首诗更加露骨地描写了若隐若现的全球威胁。有些读者可能会认为将这首诗收录在本章节是放错了地方,而且将同一位诗人关于几乎同一个主题的两首诗歌摆在一起也有些过头。但是对于许多作家来说——埃德温.缪亚完全可以充当他们的代言人——二战的恐怖与纳粹的杀戮集中营预示着一个远比过去更加邪恶危险的世界。此后不久出现的核毁灭威胁又进一步加剧了这种感受:人类不仅离开了伊甸园,而且正在步入地狱。后人或许会觉得这是在无病呻吟,但是四十年代的许多作家们都不会这么想。以下节选的是第二首诗的开头,神秘的巨马再一次出现在了诗人面前:
Barely a twelvemonth after
The seven days war that put the world to sleep,
Late in the evening the strange horses came.
By then we had made our covenant with silence,
But in the first few days it was so still
We listened to our breathing and were afraid.
On the second day
The radios failed; we turned the knobs; no answer.
On the third day a warship passed us, heading north,
Dead bodies piled on the deck. On the sixth day
A plane plunged over us into the sea. Thereafter
Nothing. The radios dumb...
那场叫世界昏迷的七日之战过后
不过十二个月,
一个傍晚,夜色已深,这群奇怪的马来了。
那时候,我们刚同寂静定了盟约,
但开始几天太冷静了,
我们听着自己的呼吸声音,感到害怕。
第二天,
收音机坏了,我们转着旋钮,没有声音;
第三天一条兵舰驶过,朝北开去,
甲板上堆满了死人。第六天,
一架飞机越过我们头上,栽进海里。
此后什么也没有了。收音机变成哑巴……
接下来诗人设想了工业化世界的衰亡景象。农夫们纷纷抛弃了拖拉机:
The tractors lie about our fields; at evening
They look like dank sea-monsters couched and waiting.
We leave them where they are and let them rust:
'They'll molder away and be like other loam.'
We make our oxen drag our rusty plows,
Long laid aside. We have gone back
Far past our fathers' land.
And then, that evening
Late in the summer the strange horses came.
We heard a distant tapping on the road,
A deepening drumming; it stopped, went on again
And at the corner changed to hollow thunder.
We saw the heads
Like a wild wave charging and were afraid...
几架拖拉机停在我们的田地上,一到晚上
它们象湿淋淋的海怪蹲着等待什么。
我们让它们在那里生锈——
“它们会腐朽,犹如别的土壤。”
我们拿生了锈的耕犁套在牛背后,
已经多年不用这犁了。我们退回到
远远越过我们父辈的土地的年代
接着,那天傍晚,
夏天快结束的时候,那群奇怪的马来了。
我们听见远远路上一阵敲击声,
咚咚地越来越响了,停了一下,又响了,
等到快拐弯的时候变成了一片雷鸣。
我们看见它们的头
象狂浪般向前涌进,感到害怕……【王佐良译】
随着我们进入二十世纪中叶,缪亚的诗歌看上去十分鼓舞人心。因为这些诗歌表明,就算不借助过度的机巧或者机心,也一样能创作出扣人心弦且感情成熟的诗歌来描绘世界的本来面目。自从爱德华时代以来,英国诗歌有时看上去变得越发疲弱且缺乏血气,到处疲惫不堪地找寻着新题材。缪亚则不容置疑地证明了可以用于诗歌创作的题材还有很多,即便这些题材在伦敦市内或者名牌大学里面不太容易发现。
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