主题：美国食品健康吗？ -- 使用尽量中文
家园 美国食品健康吗？ 一直觉得美国法律健全，至少环境应该比中国好，直到看到这篇文章：
作者列了很多证据证明美国普通食品的问题很多。可信吗？
- 复 美国食品健康吗？
家园 美国牛肉 触目惊心。自己可以做到的是，不吃汉堡包，不吃香肠，不吃ground beef，。。。
June 11, 2008
Questions on U.S. Beef Remain
By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr.
About 50 countries, including Korea, Taiwan and Japan the last of which accounted for 36 percent of American beef exports closed their doors to American beef after the first confirmed case of mad cow disease was found in Moses Lake, Wash., in December 2003.
The circumstances of that first case, and the defensive reactions of the United States Department of Agriculture after its discovery, led to years of skepticism by American consumer groups and difficult negotiations with foreign countries over reopening their markets -- especially in Asia’s wealthier countries, where consumers are used to demanding that their governments certify that imported food is safe.
Although the first infected cow was probably not a “downer” -- too diseased or crippled to walk -- it was part of a shipment of broken-down old dairy cows, and it became clear from press reports that some small slaughterhouses specialized in taking such borderline animals, which often had to be hoisted or winched out of their trucks on chains.
Also, by the time the test results came back two weeks after the cow was killed, it had already been ground into hamburger, mixed with 10,000 pounds of meat from other animals and shipped to supermarkets. Despite a multi-state recall, experts conceded that much had undoubtedly been cooked and eaten. The cow’s spinal cord -- likely to contain the most infectious material -- had been sent to a plant that made food for pets and pigs.
In the wake of the first case, the Agriculture Department issued assurances that American beef was safe. Although most Americans did not stop buying beef, foreign customers were openly skeptical, for several reasons.
The chief one was that the United States was testing only a tiny fraction of the 30 million animals it slaughtered each year. In 1997, the year it banned feeding ruminant protein to other ruminants because of the suspicions about the disease in Europe, it tested only 219 animals. In 2003, when the first positive was found, it was testing about 20,000 a year.
At the time, European countries were testing 10 million animals annually, and the Japanese were testing every one of the 1.2 million they slaughtered. (Dr. Ron DeHaven, then the Agriculture Department’s chief veterinarian, publicly mocked that standard, comparing it to a doctor testing every patient, regardless of age or sex, for prostate cancer.)
Even after the first case was found, the department initially resisted increased its testing, and then raised it to only about 40,000 animals a year.
Department officials explained that their testing was only for surveillance, not food safety. The sampling was designed to give 95 percent certainty of finding the disease if it existed in one in a million cattle which is the rate that would be expected from spontaneous genetic mutations, such as those found in humans with the degenerative brain disease known as Creutzfeld-Jakob syndrome.
There were other suspicions about its motives. Many other countries have food safety agencies that are separate from their agriculture departments, which exist primarily to help farmers and increase farm sales. In the United States, however, the Agriculture Department, not the Food and Drug Administration, certifies meat as safe.
The secretary of agriculture at the time, Ann M. Veneman, was a former food industry lobbyist and her spokeswoman had previously been the chief spokeswoman for the beef lobby.
The department initially took some more measures to increase safety and reassure customers.
It approved rapid tests that could give results on carcasses while they were still in the slaughterhouse. (Carcasses are usually chilled for 24 hours after slaughter to make them easier to cut up.) It banned downer cattle from the food supply.
And in early 2004, the Food and Drug Administration announced plans to ban feeding cow blood, waste from chicken coop floors and plate waste from restaurants to cattle. Blood had been in formula fed to calves as a substitute for milk, chicken feed could contain rendered beef protein, and restaurant waste, of course, included beef.
But some Agriculture Department decisions were not reassuring.
Under political pressure, the F.D.A. bans on cow blood, chicken dung and plate waste were never implemented.
In early 2004, the Agriculture Department denied a Kansas beef producer, Creekstone Farms Premium Beef, permission to test all of its cows so it could again ship beef to customers in Japan, which had agreed to accept tested cows. The company complained that it was losing $40,000 a day and had had to lay off 50 employees while it could not export to Japan.
The department refused, saying such testing would “imply a consumer safety aspect that is not scientifically warranted.” American consumer groups were apoplectic, but the beef industry which did not want to be pressured to spend $25 or so testing every animal applauded the move. Creekstone is still suing the Agriculture Department for the right to test.
Then, in mid-2005, when the second case of mad cow disease was confirmed in the U.S., it was revealed that the Agriculture Department had concealed for seven months the fact that one of the tests it had performed on the sample had been positive. The test similar to one used in other countries had been ruled “experimental” and not reported.
Finally, bending to pressure from consumer groups and from its own inspector general, which had called its testing seriously flawed, the Agriculture Department tested 650,000 animals in 2005 and 2006 about one out of every 90 slaughtered.
Ultimately, only three confirmed positive animals were found, suggesting that the disease, if it was present at all in the American beef supply, was at very low levels possibly at one time in older animals born before the feed ban, or in a few animals who developed spontaneous cases.
Tokyo lifted the ban on American beef in late 2005, after a food safety commission ruled that American safety measures were now adequate, but reinstated it less than a month later after Japanese inspectors found backbone in imported veal. Japan lifted the ban again in July 2006.
Overall, fears about the issue began to fade.
However, in February, an animal rights group, the Humane Society of the United States, released videotapes it had taken at animal auctions showing downer cows being shocked, prodded with forklifts and blasted with hoses to force them into standing long enough so they could be certified for slaughter — again raising questions about how rigorously the Agriculture Department enforces food-safety rules.
- 复 美国牛肉
家园 关于疯牛病 我的看法是宣传得完全过了头，造成了不成比例的恐慌。虽然人得疯牛病很可怕，但是机会实在太小太小。而且主要爆发时期（80-96年）已经过去十多年，考虑到传染链被切断已有近十年，而一般肉牛岁数也就不到十年，除了极个别现象，现在可以有把握的说疯牛病基本已成为历史。
英国总共有18万头牛感染了疯牛病，被传到并死亡的人是160多人。全世界范围内死亡了200人左右。欧洲以外国家发现的疯牛病人绝大多数在英国疯牛病流行期间在那里居住过，所以可能性更大的解释是因为在英国期间吃了病牛肉而不是在本国吃了病牛肉，--因为这个机会实在太小了。从数字上看，总体来说病牛和病人的数目比大约是千分之一，一千头疯牛病的牛对应一例疯牛病的人。
美国总共因为疯牛病死了三个人，其中两人在英国疯牛病流行期间在那里居住过相当长时间。第三个人是个沙特人，经历复杂，很难分析到底从哪里得的病。
科学家一般都同意疯牛病得以传播是因为在牛饲料中使用了用牛组织做的蛋白添加饲料，除此疯牛病没有传染性，不论是牛跟牛之间还是人跟人之间。澳洲和南美除了地理位置远之外，一般是草场放牧，不使用辅助饲料来增加牛的蛋白摄入量，结果一例疯牛病也没有。美国则传统上主要使用比牛制品饲料便宜的大豆作为蛋白添加饲料，虽然一度有地区采用过牛制品饲料，不过规模不大。欧洲气候不适宜种植大豆，没有类似传统，使用牛组织制品做辅助饲料相当普遍，结果成为疯牛病重灾区。
美国在97年以后禁止使用牛组织做的牛饲料，后来又禁止用牛的脑和脊髓等传播疯牛病的高危组织加工食品。美国这些年总共查出了三头患疯牛病的牛。就算有个把漏网之鱼，和每年屠宰量大约3千5百万头牛来比，再参考那个一千比一的病牛和病人的比例，反正我在美国从来没有因为担心疯牛病而放弃过任何吃牛排的机会，尤其是别人请客的话。
世界上对牛肉卫生最严格的国家无疑是日本。在日本超市买的牛肉包装上往往会写清楚此块牛肉来自什么样的一头牛，编号几许年庚几何，甚至还会有养牛责任人的姓名和笑容可掬的照片以及牛生前所住环境等等信息。这除了造成牛肉价格高昂之外，如此详细的资料往往却让我又把拿起的牛排放回架上，--我只想吃它的肉，不想和它交友，有些事还是不知道比较好。
- 复 关于疯牛病
家园 美国现在还在用鸡组织喂养么？ 先提个异议，疯牛病应该是被认为是羊组织喂养造成的吧？
美国用大豆蛋白，也用其他东西。两年前看过报道，美国使用鸡的下脚料和鸡舍废弃物（当时想了半天，应该就是鸡屎吧）来做添加。这个疯牛病可能不大，就怕哪天禽流感在这里打通通道了，或者牛结核什么东西乘机变成鸡结核。
总之，牛还是吃植物性饲料好啊，不过这年头，玉米都去造乙醇了，牛们的家里也不富裕。
- 复 关于疯牛病
家园 作孽呀 科学家一般都同意疯牛病得以传播是因为在牛饲料中使用了用牛组织做的蛋白添加饲料，除此疯牛病没有传染性，不论是牛跟牛之间还是人跟人之间 - 复 关于疯牛病
家园 多谢,以后就可以肆无忌惮的吃了 - 复 关于疯牛病
家园 食物加工过程中会引入神经吧 比如肉末制品，用刀片刮肉，神经是难免的。
美国官员也调侃日本的每头牛都检测的做法，说象不分性别年龄检查前列腺癌。（检测的成本是25美元。）各人对风险的承受程度不一样吧。检测的标准怎么定，不完全是科学问题，也是心理问题，牵涉到外贸的时候更可以作借口。
- 复 美国食品健康吗？
家园 记得一些相关数字 CDC估算美国每年因为食品和通过食品传播而得的病的案例数大约是8千万。这个数据包括了所有200多种食品相关病，包括小到拉肚子大到致死各种与消化系统有关的症状。死亡数大约是每年5000人。
很粗略的和美国人口比一下，大致上可以说每4个美国人中每年会因为所吃的食品而得一次病。各位可以自己粗略感觉一下自己身边的情况做个比较，比如每年自己因为吃东西拉肚子几次之类。
美国绝大多数食品安全有关的疾病可以归因于他们生食的习惯和对食品卫生环境的过分依赖以至缺乏基本卫生常识。很多美国人买来的蔬菜瓜果根本不洗就直接入口，肉类也不完全烧熟。在美的华人在这一点上情况要好得多。不过华人喜欢上中餐馆，得甲肝的机会远高于普通美国人。
- 复 美国食品健康吗？
家园 不健康 在中国时候，和美国一个部门合作，做食品安全方面的调查，都是到市场去随机采样。出来的结果，在我们研究的问题上，美国的问题严重一些。
合作间聊天，发现美国对食品安全的“糊涂”程度也够可以。比如他们部门发现过某地区的蔬菜有问题，于是就发了公告，在网上也贴了告示，要大家注意。结果卖菜的联合起来了，找议员等等，向他们施加压力，最后他们被迫把网上的公告放到一个很“深”需要一层层点进去的链接里面。当然看到的人也少了
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家园 我觉得美国的食品健康 只要愿意花钱。买工业化方式生产的廉价肉蛋奶，有问题也不奇怪。
国内是防不胜防的。