主题 ：【编辑】美国经济周报十一月（一） -- 南方有嘉木

谢宝

谢谢嘉木mm，得通宝一枚

【文摘】几条附注

1. 美国近期对华贸易保护事件一览

11月6日美国初步裁定对进口自中国的铜版纸、焦磷酸钾、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢二钾征收“双反”关税。

　　11月5日美国对中国输美油井管加征最高达99%的反倾销税。

　　11月4日美国联同欧盟和墨西哥，要求世贸调查中国对钢铁、制铝和化工业等多种原料的出口限制。

　　10月30日美国国际贸易委员会全票通过对中国无缝钢管进行双反调查。

　　10月27日美国商务部宣布对从中国进口的混凝土用钢绞线和钢格栅板征收临时性关税。

　　10月15日美国对中国产钾磷酸盐、钠磷酸盐发起双反调查。

　　10月14日美国对中国部分铜版纸、紧固件产品提起双反调查。

　　10月7日美国商务部宣布，对从中国进口的无缝钢管发起反倾销和反补贴税调查。

　　9月11日美国总统奥巴马决定，对从中国进口的所有小轿车和轻型卡车轮带实施为期3年的惩罚性关税，其税率第一年为35%，第二年为30%，第三年为25%。

　　9月9日美商务部就对华油井管反补贴案作出初裁，裁定中国涉案企业10.9％至30.6％不等的补贴幅度。

2. CDM项目运作的基本规则和流程

参与CDM项目活动的必须是中资或中资控股企业。运行的基本规则是：1. 缔约方自愿参与；2. 有政府批文；3. 带来真实的、可测量的、长期的温室气体减排效益；4. 必须具有额外性；(“额外性”是指该清洁发展机制项目所带来的减排效益必须是额外的，即在没有该项目活动的情况下不会发生。)5. 属于东道国、地方政府的优先发展领域并带来技术转让。

3. 世界主要碳市场

到2009年3月，世界上的碳交易所共有四个：

　　欧盟的欧盟排放权交易所(European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme，EU ETS)

　　英国的英国排放权交易所(UK Emissions Trading Group, ETG)

　　美国的芝加哥气候交易所(Chicago Climate Exchange，CCX)

　　澳洲的澳洲国家信托(National Trust of Australia，NSW)

　　由于美国及澳洲均非《京都议定书》成员国，所以只有欧盟排放权交易制及英国排放权交易制是国际性的交易所，美澳的两个交易所只有象征性意义。

有两个问题

1 我记得美国的参院好像通过过一个什么医疗改革的法案。

[URL=http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2009-09-06/100818591255.shtml]美国参议院医疗改革法草案出炉

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这个和众议院通过的有什么区别吗？

　　美国１０月份汽车销量数据进一步表明经济正在好转。１０月汽车销量已不像７月、８月份那样受到“旧车换现金”计划的提振，但当月销量经过季节性因素调整后达到１５００万辆左右，创今年以来的最高水平。

1500万辆好像有些问题。中国前十个月的总销量也不过1000万辆。

复【文摘】几条附注

国内的主要交易市场，

天津排放权交易所，交易规则基本上copy芝加哥。

这个生意据说就快启动了，美国的某投行去年就开始在中国询价相关衍生品了。。。

复有两个问题

先花你读贴仔细，

第一个问题：

你没仔细看十月份的周报哦.......之前不是参议院通过，而是参议院的金融委员会（The Senate Finance Committee）通过。这有点像我们人大的财经委员会敲定了一个草案，然后再提交人大去表决。

美国的参众两院也设有不少这样的专业委员会，他们会承担法案起草或做前期评价、听证的任务（毕竟不是每个议员都是某个领域的专家），委员会内部对某个草案终于取得一致，于是说，恩，行了，就拿这个草稿去恶心那帮吵吵嚷嚷的议员，给众、参两院表决吧（上个月参议院的金融委员会做得就是这件事情），这个草案就正式做为被表决稿送到两院去了，一般先众议院表决，然后再参议院，两院通过之后，送交总统签字，总统没有表决权，但有否决权----所谓的行政权和立法权的制约之一种，当然实际的制度设计更复杂些，曾兄可以看下面我从Wiki摘来的引文。

国内的报道可能没有仔细界分参议院下辖的委员会和参议院自身，所以造成了误解。

美参议院金融委员会通过8290亿美元医改法案

　美国参议院金融委员会(Senate Finance Committee)于13日通过了8,290亿美元的医改法案，预计该方案将使享受医疗保险的人口增加2,900万人；此举使该法案向在众议院的讨论又迈进了一步。

　　金融委员会的最终投票结果是14票赞成，9票反对；其中仅有一名共和党议员斯诺(Olympia Snowe)投了赞成票。

　　美国总统奥巴马(Barack Obama)对斯诺支持该法案表示赞扬。

　　该法案计划通过对中低收入人群采取抵税措施以及扩大医疗补助(Medicaid)计划将更多的美国人纳入保险范围之内。

　　白宫发言人吉布斯(Robert Gibbs)在新闻发布会上表示对医改法案前景持乐观看法，称总统相信法案会在2009年年内签署。

尽管如此，根据美国国会预算办公室(CBO)的数据，该法案仍无法将2,500万名美国人纳入医保范围，这部分人在美国总人口中的比例为6%。

南方有嘉木:【编辑】美国经济周报十月（二）

Each bill goes through several stages in each house. The first stage involves consideration by a committee. Most legislation is considered by standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a particular subject matter, such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. In some cases, bills may be sent to select committees, which tend to have more narrow jurisdictions than standing committees. Each standing and select committee is led by a chair (who belongs to the majority party) and a ranking member (who belongs to the minority party). Committees are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence when considering bills. They may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After considering and debating a measure, the committee votes on whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house.

If reported by the committee, the bill reaches the floor of the full house. The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House of Representatives and the Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows.

Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other, which may pass, reject, or amend it. In order for the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee, an ad hoc committee that includes both senators and representatives. In many cases, conference committees have introduced substantial changes to bills and added unrequested spending, significantly departing from both the House and Senate versions. President Ronald Reagan once quipped, "If an orange and an apple went into conference consultations, it might come out a pear."[23] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes; otherwise, it fails.

After passage by both houses, a bill is submitted to the President. The President may choose to sign the bill, thereby making it law. The President may also choose to veto the bill, returning it to Congress with his objections. In such a case, the bill only becomes law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the President may choose to take no action, neither signing nor vetoing the bill. In such a case, the Constitution states that the bill automatically becomes law after ten days, excluding Sundays. However, if Congress adjourns (ends a legislative session) during the ten day period, then the bill does not become law. Thus, the President may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto, and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress.

第二个问题：

我仔细看了一下，可能和统计口径（季节性因素调整，the seasonally adjusted）有关系，你看这两则新闻：

According to Autodata Corp., the seasonally adjusted annual rate of U.S. auto sales hit 10.46 million vehicles last month, topping the 10.2 million analysts surveyed by Thomson Reuters had forecast.

The latest numbers lagged the 14.1 million sales peak in August, which was heavily skewed by federal "cash for clunkers" rebates. However, excluding the summertime clunkers boost, this latest batch of sales is the best since October 2008, when it hit 10.8 million.

October saw the first year-to-year sales increase -- excluding the Cash for Clunkers months this summer -- in two years. Sales of 837,800 vehicles during the month translated into a Seasonally Adjusted Annual Sales rate of 10.43 million units - about the same number that the consensus of industry watchers is still predicting for total actual sales volume for all of calendar 2008. (The SAAR last October was 10.78 million.)

这样看的话，绝对销售数目是837,800，但经季节性调整后为近1046万unit。至于这个调整怎么做的，我不懂.........

复先花你读贴仔细，

SAAR 是汽车，房屋业常用的销售指标

8月因“cash for clunkers”, 年度调整为14个Millions. 今年10月年度调整为10.4 Millions，也就是1千万出头的样子。

这个 Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate - SAAR 是汽车，房屋业常用的销售指标，可查：这里

复 SAAR 是汽车，房屋业常用的销售指标

花谢，立即去改，

周报里的新闻不是自己翻译的，未能仔细check，是我不严谨了。

另谢补充资料。

复先花你读贴仔细，

多谢如此详细的解释。

美国的医疗改革已经是大势了，再怎么折腾最后肯定是可以过的。就是效果如何要看疗效了。

上上下下看了一遍，所谓的1400万辆是年度销量估计的概念，不是真实销量。

【文摘】美国顾问在库尔德获取石油利益

事情不新鲜，但从这个报道可以看出美国方面的一些基本操作手法，很有趣，每个步骤都看似合法，实际效果就是美国政经界利用伊拉克的库尔德人问题获取了大量的利益。

关键词：民族矛盾；地方自治；推动立宪/立法；私人身份；外国公司。

U.S. Adviser to Kurds Stands to Reap Oil Profits

Peter W. Galbraith, an influential former American ambassador, is a powerful voice on Iraq who helped shape the views of policy makers like Joseph R. Biden Jr. and John Kerry. In the summer of 2005, he was also an adviser to the Kurdish regional government as Iraq wrote its Constitution — tough and sensitive talks not least because of issues like how Iraq would divide its vast oil wealth.

In the constitutional negotiations, he helped the Kurds ram through provisions that gave their region — rather than the central Baghdad government — sole authority over many of their internal affairs, including clauses that he maintains will give the Kurds virtually complete control over all new oil finds on their territory.

As it turns out, Mr. Galbraith received the rights after he helped negotiate a potentially lucrative contract that allowed the Norwegian oil company DNO to drill for oil in the promising Dohuk region of Kurdistan, the interviews and documents show.

As the scope of Mr. Galbraith’s financial interests in Kurdistan become clear, they have the potential to inflame some of Iraqis’ deepest fears, including conspiracy theories that the true reason for the American invasion of their country was to take its oil. It may not help that outside Kurdistan, Mr. Galbraith’s influential view that Iraq should be broken up along ethnic lines is considered offensive to many Iraqis’ nationalism. Mr. Biden and Mr. Kerry, who have been influenced by Mr. Galbraith’s thinking but do not advocate such a partitioning of the country, were not aware of Mr. Galbraith’s oil dealings in Iraq, aides to both politicians say.

Mr. Galbraith says he held no official position in the United States or Iraq during this entire period and acted purely as a private citizen. He maintains that his largely undeclared dual role was entirely proper. He says that he was simply advocating positions that the Kurds had documented before his relationship with DNO even began.

“What is true is that I undertook business activities that were entirely consistent with my long-held policy views,” Mr. Galbraith said in his response. “I believe my work with DNO (and other companies) helped create the Kurdistan oil industry which helps provide Kurdistan an economic base for the autonomy its people almost unanimously desire.”

An internal DNO document dated Dec. 3, 2006, which was first obtained by Dagens Naeringsliv, indicates that a company called Porcupine, registered in Delaware under Mr. Galbraith’s name, still held the rights to the 5 percent stake at that time, while a company associated with Mr. Rosjo held the other 5 percent.

【文摘】我们可以从中国习得的五件事

最新一期时代杂志的主题之一：

Five Things the U.S. Can Learn from China

1. Be Ambitious

There's no direct translation into Chinese of the phrase can-do spirit. But yong wang zhi qian（勇往直前） probably suffices. Literally, it means "march forward courageously." China has — and has had for years now — a can-do spirit that's unmistakable.

"One key thing we can learn from China is setting goals, making plans and focusing on moving the country ahead as a nation,"

2. Education Matters

After decades of investment in an educational system that reaches the remotest peasant villages, the literacy rate in China is now over 90%. (The U.S.'s is 86%.) And in urban China, in particular, students don't just learn to read. They learn math. They learn science. As William McCahill, a former deputy chief of mission in the U.S. embassy in Beijing, says, "Fundamentally, they are getting the basics right, particularly in math and science. We need to do the same. Their kids are often ahead of ours."

In the U.S., according to a 2007 survey by the Department of Education, 37% of 10th-graders in 2002 spent more than 10 hours on homework each week. That's not bad; in fact, it's much better than it used to be (in 1980 a mere 7% of kids did that much work at home each week). But Chinese students, according to a 2006 report by the Asia Society, spend twice as many hours doing homework as do their U.S. peers.

Yes, big corporate employers in China will tell you the best students coming out of U.S. universities are just as bright as and, generally speaking, far more creative than their counterparts from China's élite universities. But the big hump in the bell curve— the majority of the school-age population — matters a lot for the economic health of countries . Simply put, the more smart, well-educated people there are — of the sort that hard work creates — the more economies (and companies) benefit.

China, critics will point out, doesn't produce (at least not yet) many Nobel Prize winners. But don't think the basic educational competence of the workforce isn't a key factor in its having become the manufacturing workshop of the world. It isn't just about cheap labor; it's about smart labor.

3. Look After the Elderly

The number of elderly Americans will soar from 38.6 million in 2007 to 71.5 million in 2030. But, "There won't be enough spots for them" in the country's overwhelmed nursing-home system. Appreciating the magnitude of the coming crisis, the U.S. government has begun to respond..... "The whole trend will be into home care, because nursing homes are too expensive," Eppel says, noting that nursing-home care in the U.S. costs about $85,000 annually per resident.

In China, senior-care costs are, for the most part, borne by families. For millions of poor Chinese, that's a burden as well as a responsibility.......Still, there are benefits that balance the financial hardship: grandparents tutor young children while Mom and Dad work; they acculturate the youngest generation to the values of family and nation; they provide a sense of cultural continuity that helps bind a society. China needs to make obvious changes to its elder-care system as it becomes a wealthier society, but as millions of U.S. families make the brutal decision about whether to send aging parents into nursing homes, a bigger dose of the Chinese ethos may well be returning to America.

4. Save More

High savings lead, over time, to increased investment, which in turn generates productivity gains, innovation and job growth. In short, savings are the seed corn of a good economic harvest.

5. Look over the Horizon

"China is striving to become what it has not yet become. It is upwardly mobile, consciously, avowedly and — as its track record continues to strengthen — proudly so."

[URL=]http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1938671-4,00.html#ixzz0WtU6CGRc

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我看完这篇文章后想的两件事情：

第一，这五点基本全是精神和价值层面的东西。教育、敬老、节约毫无疑问本就是传统的价值观念，而勇往直前、追求更远，也难说是建国后确立的新价值，勿如说是一种信心或目标。更重要的是，没有制度层面的东西。自己觉得是个值得深思的问题，这或许这从另一方面体现出我们现在发展的真正基石，也暴露了我们的缺点。

第二，我们可以从美国习得的五件事是什么呢？结果第一个跳进我脑子的就是：司法独立。民主另说，但觉得司法作为社会正义的最后救济，必须最大限度地免受行政和资本力量的干扰，美国的司法当然并不能完全地不偏不倚，整个司法体系的运作成本也非常高，但是就其精神和基本制度设计，我觉得还是值得学习。

大家会提交什么答案？

通宝推：landlord,

复【文摘】我们可以从中国习得的五件事