主题：【原创】茗谈（三十二） -- 本嘉明

說，USA石油進口，按數量大小排：

1，大家拿

2，黑西哥

3，沙弟

4，委內瑞拉

四大有三個在周邊。

Where Does All the Oil Come From?

The United States and Oil Imports - Facts and Figures

http://www.quoteoil.com/oil-imports.html

Over the course of the past few years, a great deal of media attention has focused on the not only the cost of oil but the availability of oil. Citizens of different countries around the world, including those in the United States, have become increasingly concerned about the cost and availability of fuel oil.

With that in mind, many people have expressed concern about:

the growing dependence of the United States on oil imports

the stability of the major oil producing nations

the remaining proven oil reserves still existing on the planet

In point of fact, the United States has become ever more dependent upon imported or foreign oil. A mere thirty years ago, 28% of the oil consumed in the United States was imported. Today nearly 60% of the oil utilized and consumed in the United States is imported from other countries.

Turning to the stability of the nations from which the U.S. imports oil, a good share of imported oil does come from nations that have fairly stable political situations. However, as will be discussed shortly, the largest amount of oil reserves are located in the Middle East -- one o fthe most volatile regions of the world. Most people are surprised to learn that the country from which the United States imports the greatest amount of oil is Canada. In recent years, the United States has imported approximately 200 million barrels of crude oil annually from Canada.

Oil imports into the United States from Saudi Arabia come in at second place with about 160 million barrels of crude oil annually from the Kingdom. The United States imports about the same amount of oil from Mexico as it does from Saudi Arabia on an annual basis. Other countries from which the United States imports oil are: Venezuela, Nigeria, Iraq, the United Kingdom, Norway, Angola, Algeria and Colombia.

Of course, oil is a limited resource. The bulk of proven, remaining oil reserves in the world today are located in the Middle East. In the Middle East there are an estimated 727 billion barrels of oil in reserve. The amount of oil in the Middle East far outstrips what is available anywhere else on Earth. For example, the known reserves in Central and South America are an estimated 99 billion barrels, in Africa an estimated 87 billion barrels, in the nations of the former Soviet Union an estimated 78 billion barrels and in Western Europe and China there is an estimated 18 billion barrels in each location. Rounding out the list is Mexico with an estimated 16 billion barrels of oil in reserve and India with an estimated 5 billion barrels of oil in reserve.

Oil, coal and natural gas account for more than 85% of the energy consumed in the United States at this point in time. Oil accounts for nearly 40% of all energy utilized in the United States in this day and age.

http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/100726/top-7-us-oil-importers

Really big oil: Where does the US get its crude? Here's what you need to know.

News DeskJuly 28, 2010 05:42

Updated July 30, 2010 08:18

The United States consumes more oil than any other country in the world: 18.7 million barrels of oil per day, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA) short-term energy outlook.

美国在世界上比其他国家消耗更多油：

根据美国能量信息Administration' s (EIA)短期能量展望-----每天1870万油桶。要满足那需求，美国每天进口900--1200万桶。

To satisfy that demand, the United States imports 9 to 12 million barrels of oil per day.

要满足那需求，美国每天进口900--1200万桶。

The top seven countries on the following list account for more than $140 billion worth of oil every year:

為保證消費需求，以下七国家每年供應USA超过价值$1400亿美元的油：

1. Canada

Canada reigns as the United States' leading oil supplier, exporting some 707,316,000 barrels of oil per year (1,938,000 barrels per day) — a whopping 99 percent of its annual oil exports, according to the EIA.

根据EIA報告：加拿大王朝作为美国主要供油國，每年出口大约707,316,000个油桶(每天1,938,000桶) -相當它的每年石油出口總數的的99%。

Canada's exports to the United States are worth more than $37 billion and account for 16 percent of the total trade between the two countries, according to the U.S. Census Bureau's Foreign Trade Statistics. Canada holds the second largest oil reserves in the world after Saudi Arabia. And 95 percent of this oil is in sand deposits in Alberta, which makes the oil extraction process difficult.

Canada' 向美国向美国出口超过$370亿的石油，并且占二个国家之间的总贸易量的16%，---來自美国人口调查Bureau' s外贸统计數字。 加拿大擁有僅次於沙特阿拉伯的世界的第二大石油储备。 并且95%的油在油砂裡，使油萃取过程變得困难。

剩下的暫時沒空翻，自己看吧。

2. Mexico

Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico. (Eunice Adorno/AFP/Getty Images)

Mexico sends more than 400 million barrels of oil per year (or 1,096,000 barrels per day) to the U.S., according to the EIA. In 2009, that flow was worth over $22 billion.

Since Mexico's oil wells were nationalized in 1938, the country's oil industry operates under the control of PEMEX, the second largest oil company in the world.3. Saudi Arabia

The Shaybah mega-project, above, is the first oilfield development in Saudi Arabia's vast al-Rub al-Khali desert, some 500 miles southeast of the oil center of Dhahran.(Bilal Qabalan/AFP/Getty Images)Saudi Arabia sends 360,934,000 barrels of oil per year (989,000 barrels per day), 20 percent of its total oil exports, to the United States, according to the EIA. Saudia Arabia’s economy is fueled by oil, which accounts for 90 percent of the kingdom's export revenues and 45 percent of its GDP, according to the CIA World Factbook.

4. Venezuela

A Venezuelan flag is displayed on a oil refinery in the Venezuelan city of Moron on April 30, 2009. (Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images)

Venezuela sends the United States 352,278,000 barrels of oil per year (965,000 barrels per day), according to the EIA. The Venezuelan economy is heavily reliant on oil as it accounts for 90 percent of the country's export revenue and 30 percent of the country's GDP, according to the World Factbook. In May 2009, following its socialist policies, Venezuela's state oil company Petroleoes de Venezuela took over private companies operating in the east of the country, increasing the total number of nationalized oil companies to 74.

Earlier this month, President Hugo Chavez stated that his government would stop all oil exports to the United States if Washington's ally, Colombia, attacks Venezuela.

5. Nigeria

Fighters with the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) raise their riffles to celebrate news of a successful operation against the Nigerian army in the Niger Delta on Sept. 17, 2008. (Pius Utomi Ekpei/AFP/Getty Images)

Nigeria sells 40 percent of its huge oil supply to the United States. Nigeria exports 281,291,000 barrels per year (771,000 barrels per day) to the United States, according to the EIA. But Nigeria is feeling the full brunt of the "oil curse." The vast earnings from oil have not translated into substantial improvements for ordinary Nigerians. People living in the oil-producing Niger Delta area, in particular, are very poor and the environment has been degraded by oil drilling.

Beginning in 2006, this reality led rebel groups groups to violently protest against the oil pipelines. The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta attacked and kidnapped foreign oil workers. The rebel insurrection are blamed for causing Nigeria's oil production to drop by as much as 20 percent. Furthermore, Nigeria has experienced 2,400 oil spills since 2006, decreasing the industry’s efficiency, according to Reuters.

6. Angola

Oil platform situated off Angola's coast. (Marcel Mochet/AFP/Getty Images)

Angola exports 163,790,000 of barrels of oil per year (449,000 barrels per day) to the United States, worth around $9 billion in 2009, according to the EIA. In recognition of its huge oil production, Angola is now the chair of OPEC.

In May 2008, due to unrest in Nigeria, Angola surpassed Nigeria as the largest oil producer in Africa. The majority of Angola's wells are located offshore in the Atlantic Ocean due to limited onshore exploration from 1975 to

大流氓很懂得保護自己的石油安全。

相当有见地！

送花成功，可取消。有效送花赞扬。感谢：作者获得通宝一枚。

参数变化，作者，声望:1；铢钱:16。你，乐善:1；铢钱:-1。本帖花:1

怎么做，都阻止不了世界最后一打皇冠落地

元旦后水利的问题已经上新闻联播好几次了

不明原由？可否解釋？

我构思的“副学士”，是理工科大学本科生的前二年基础课学分。

一，一个大专毕业生，工作后想在同一专业业余读出本科，是很难的。首先，是工

作后，家庭事业俗务缠身，精力不够；其次，是大专的课程设置同本科很不同，说

起来是同一专业，专升本也很吃力。当然文科可能好一点。

二，高考一考定终身，是很不合理的，考时发挥不好的骂死，考进了的松懈了的玩

死。进入大学后，“宽进严出”，在二升三时有个坎，把“大学四年”这个死板完

整的产品一拆为二，是有点好处的。

三，国内任何一个“历史悠久”的大学，就如同一个大型国有企业，积弊也很深，

教基础课的资浅青年教师和教专业课的老前辈们，地位很不一样。有些想有所作为

的青年教师，也不用再熬着，跳槽到气象一新的“书院”去，专心教几年，博个名

头，一样是事业成功。

这样做，不用触动学霸和大学校长们的既得利益。但你清华自己教的二年级，老是

不如外面书院出来的(国家多办些跨校竞赛之类的)，总是个问题吧？当然，清华也

会有自己的“战略合作夥伴”书院，清华外派教师，定点供货。

总之，中国年产1000万“副学士”以上学历的毕业生，是个合理的程度。BYD的“流

水线工程师”，其实“副学士”学位足够了，比读大专更节省，更灵活。

这样，在现有办学规模上，每年要多培养300万“副学士”。几个有志青年，拉些社

会闲散资金作风投，国家在税收和“办学贷款”，学生贷款上扶助一下，就能办个

书院(或者叫“私塾”也行)，算每个书院5个小班，100个学生(两个年级)，那也要

多办6万家书院。这全职兼职，竞争上岗，要创造多少个“高知识水平”的工作岗位？

知识分子们还有空去种花吗？

小本自己当过夜校老师，知道你要学好一门课程，一个很好的办法，是去当老师，不

吃透是不行的，被问倒了脸挂不住啊。

世界之不安定，保证了美国的安定。”总结得太好，一针见血！

苏联的大学学制为五年，学生学满三年后可以选择继续学习，也可以申请获得一个结业证，凭这个结业证就可以去找工作了。

把“大学本科四年”这张干硬的大饼掰碎，只是目的之一。其他还有：搞活高等教育

方法；鼓励更多应届高中毕业生尝试大学教育等。

几个合资格的年轻教师拉杆子，领个执照就能开馆收徒，不管你怎么管理，军事化

也好，高中四年级化也好，两年学完，全国统考，及格的就算毕业，发烫金的“副

学士”文凭。文凭和成绩单在全国有效，清华也会据此选择，安排面试(笔试口试)后

录用为自己的三年级生。

书院的入学则很宽松，高中文凭加书院面试即可。开始几年，各省zf鼓励高考落榜

生去读书院，每年给助学金(相当于学费的60%)，取得“副学士”文凭后只要还一半，

再被清华录取就不用还了，如果不及格就要全额还。

如此一来，各书院就各显神通，出门拉客：国家补助，这种便宜不占，还在家复读

一年干嘛？二老觉得这傻孩子不是读书的料？那是不能慧眼识才，许三多不参军，

谁看得出他是兵王？得去尝试嘛。反正现在社会上工作也难找，一眨眼两年就啃老

啃过去了，不如多拿个文凭？

而书院也能拿国家补助，以当年“副学士”统考及格人数为准，按及格人头发补助。

如果你教得好，名气大了，在国家标准学费之外，再收杂费，那家长们也愿意不是？

这样做，推迟了高中应届生的就业问题，西部老少边穷地区能扩大高教普及率。这

样熬一两年，外部形势就不那么陷恶了。

从我的记忆里面 90年代早期渠道就开始有漏水的地方了。这都20年过去了。

就是没拨钱。

上边不拨，地方不愿意拿，老百姓不拿钱不敢，修完了收费还不敢。

死结。

很多地方忽悠民资，结果大部分没搞定。见效太慢。