主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
英国在十九世纪的海上优势吹胀了一个幅员几千万平方英里的帝国,其中居住着四亿新附臣民。在帝国的正式疆域之外,世界各地从阿根廷到中国的大片地区也在经济层面上受到了英国的实际主宰。这样一份其兴也忽焉的功业必然伴随着代价,代价之一就是志得意满的种族主义在英国国民当中广泛传播了开来。英国人开始认为自己是高人一等的族裔,比起其他民族更成熟且更有道德。下面这首吉卜林代表作《白人的负担》(The White Man’s Burden)——创作于1899年,为的是庆祝美军占领菲律宾——似乎彰显了这种文化与种族优越感。今天这段诗文读起来确实很冒犯人,但是仔细品味一下就会发现诗人的态度远非兴高采烈:
Take up the White Man's burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
肩负起白人的重担——
派出你们最优秀的后裔——
打发你们的子孙远赴异邦,
将手下俘虏的需求服侍;
身上套着沉重的挽具,
等待急躁而凶恶的蛮子,
刚被你擒获,满面阴沉,
恶魔一般刁猾,孩童一般幼稚。
Take up the White Man's burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
肩负起白人的重担——
保持耐心不急不躁,
掩饰好恐怖的威胁,
克制住表面的骄傲;
用公开而简单的语言,
不惜重复百遍讲清楚,
为他们的利益而寻觅,
为他们的收获而劳碌。
Take up the White Man's burden—
The savage wars of peace—
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch Sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hope to nought.
肩负起白人的重担——
平息野蛮人的战乱——
填饱饥荒的血盆大口,
奋力将瘟疫驱散;
当你的目标即将实现,
为他人的工作将告终,
小心懒惰愚昧的异教徒
使你所有的希望落空。
Take up the White Man's burden—
No tawdry rule of kings,
But toil of serf and sweeper—
The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter,
The roads ye shall not tread,
Go make them with your living,
And mark them with your dead.
肩负起白人的重担——
不能靠庸碌的国王,
而要靠农奴和清道夫——
日复一日的操劳奔忙。
你永无机会进入那些港口,
你永无机会踏上那些道路,
用你的毕生将它们建造,
用你的死亡为它们标注。
Take up the White Man's burden—
And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard—
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:—
"Why brought ye us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
肩负起白人的重担——
获得那古老的报酬;
不如你们的人将你们责怪,
被守护的人视你们为仇雠——
你们哄着成群的愚氓
(啊,慢慢来!)朝着光明移动——
他们却哭喊“干嘛要解脱我们的束缚?
我们热爱埃及的夜幕沉重。”
Take up the White Man's burden—
Ye dare not stoop to less—
Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloak your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your Gods and you.
肩负起白人的重担——
绝不能放松标准偷懒怕累,
也不要大声呼唤自由,
借此掩盖你的厌倦疲惫;
你的每一声高呼低语,
你的所作所为,你留下的印迹,
那些沉默、阴郁的人们
将会用来衡量你与你的上帝。
Take up the White Man's burden—
Have done with childish days—
The lightly proffered laurel,
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years,
Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,
The judgment of your peers!
肩负起白人的重担——
童稚的日子已经过去——
再没有轻松献上的桂冠,
再没有口服心服的赞誉。
来吧,唤起你的男子汉气概
挺过那些得不到感谢的年岁,
忍受寒冷与教训深刻的经验,
还有对你评头论足的同辈!【参考了企鹅君网友的译文】
吉卜林是一位宗教层面上的悲观主义者,因此没有陷入头脑简单的军国主义窠臼。最明显的例子就是下面这首《曲终人散》(Recessional),创作于1897年维多利亚女王登基六十周年。如此举国欢庆的时刻呼唤着雄赳赳气昂昂、不要过于复杂的作品。可是吉卜林偏不乐意从命:
God of our fathers, known of old,
Lord of our far-flung battle-line,
Beneath whose awful hand we hold
Dominion over palm and pine —
Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet,
Lest we forget — lest we forget!
我们先祖自古信奉的上帝,
我们迤远战线的主,
祂那可畏的巨手覆压下去,
从棕榈到寒松的疆土;
主万军之神啊,暂且莫要将我们舍弃,
恐怕我们忘记——恐怕我们忘记!
The tumult and the shouting dies;
The captains and the kings depart;
Still stands Thine ancient sacrifice,
An humble and a contrite heart.
Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet,
Lest we forget—lest we forget!
喧嚣和呼喊都已静隐;
首领和君王全部消亡;
您所喜悦的古老祭品
依然是谦卑痛悔的心房。
主万军之神啊,暂且莫要将我们舍弃,
恐怕我们忘记——恐怕我们忘记!
Far-called, our navies melt away;
On dune and headland sinks the fire:
Lo, all our pomp of yesterday
Is one with Nineveh and Tyre!
Judge of nations, spare us yet,
Lest we forget—lest we forget!
远去了,我们的军舰渐渐隐没;
海嵎和沙丘上的火光黯淡;
啊,我们昨天所有的一时烜赫
与尼尼微和推罗同归幽暗!
万国的审判者,还求饶恕我们的罪孽,
恐怕我们忘却——恐怕我们忘却!
If, drunk with sight of power, we loose
Wild tongues that have not Thee in awe,
Such boasting as the Gentiles use,
Or lesser breeds without the law—
Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet,
Lest we forget—lest we forget!
如果我们沉醉于眼前的权力,
对您失去敬畏,口舌放肆如飞,
就像外邦人那样胡吹大气,
又好像那些没有律法的贱胚 —
主万军之神啊,暂且莫要将我们舍弃,
恐怕我们忘记——恐怕我们忘记!
For heathen heart that puts her trust
In reeking tube and iron shard —
All valiant dust that builds on dust,
And guarding, calls not Thee to guard —
For frantic boast and foolish word.
Thy mercy on Thy people, Lord!
因为外邦人的心只会托付
给呛人的烟囱与钢铁甲壳,
在尘土上卖力兴建尘土的造物,
然后终日提防,却不求您照料——
太多愚昧话语,还有疯狂夸耀,
求您怜悯,主啊!您的子民向您求告!【译者不详,有修改】
假使吉卜林当真是个军国主义者,那么第一次世界大战——他本人全心投入了战争努力,自愿成为了英国政府的宣传员——可谓一场可怖的惩罚。他心爱的儿子杰克自愿参军,不过因为视力不佳而被拒绝。在老父亲的安排下,杰克加入了爱尔兰卫队,然后就在1915年十八岁生日过后不久死在了卢斯之战的战场上,死状极其可怖,满脸血肉糜烂。吉卜林的《我的男孩杰克》(My Boy Jack)可能正是为了抒发自己对于儿子的结局的悲恸与悔恨(这首诗的悼念对象也有可能只是一位泛指的坠海水手)。不过到了战争结束时,吉卜林又创作了一首《死床》(A Death Bed)。这首诗体现了全能的国家权力——在诗中由德国皇帝来体现——导致了怎样毁灭性的后果,具体来说就是战场上的各种惨状。自从这首诗问世以后,我们再谈到伟大的英国战争诗人就必须算上吉卜林。他在诗歌当中设想了德皇身患喉癌奄奄一息的场景:
"This is the State above the Law.
The State exists for the State alone."
[This is a gland at the back of the jaw,
And an answering lump by the collar-bone.]
“国家凌驾于一切法律之上,
国家仅仅为国家自身而存在。”*
(这是一个腺体,在下颌背面生长,
在锁骨附近相应地凸起一个硬块。)
*【尽管德皇如此宣称自己掌握绝对权力,但是在1918年11月停战日之前两天的9号他就被迫退位了。】
Some die shouting in gas or fire;
Some die silent, by shell and shot.
Some die desperate, caught on the wire;
Some die suddenly. This will not.
有人死于炮弹枪弹,死得安安静静,
有人死于毒气烈火,死得惨叫不断,
有人进退不得,挂在铁丝网上送命,
有人死得突兀。而这一位死得麻烦。
"Regis suprema voluntas Lex"
[It will follow the regular course of—throats.]
Some die pinned by the broken decks,
Some die sobbing between the boats.
“君主的意志就是最高的法典”
(按照一般进程——将会从咽喉扩散)
有人惨遭刺穿,死于破碎的甲板,
有人死在船与船之间,被海水泡烂。
Some die eloquent, pressed to death
By the sliding trench as their friends can hear.
Some die wholly in half a breath.
Some—give trouble for half a year.
有人被迫走向死亡,死前壮语豪言,
在战壕里穿梭的朋友们都听到消息,
有人在半次呼吸之间就迎来永眠,
有人——折腾了别人半年还不肯咽气。
"There is neither Evil nor Good in life.
Except as the needs of the State ordain."
[Since it is rather too late for the knife,
All we can do is mask the pain.]
“在生命之中无所谓善良邪恶,
全看是否听命于国家采取行动。”
(即便现在开刀也实在太迟了,
我们能做的只剩下掩饰疼痛。)
Some die saintly in faith and hope—
Some die thus in a prison-yard—
Some die broken by rape or the rope;
Some die easily. This dies hard.
有人死时宛如圣徒,胸怀信与望——
有人确实就这样死在监狱庭院——
有人死时残破不堪,惨遭强暴捆绑,
有人死得轻松,此人死得实在麻烦。
"I will dash to pieces who bar my way.
Woe to the traitor!Woe to the weak!"
[Let him write what he wishes to say.
It tires him out if he tries to speak.]
“我要把挡我去路的人撞成碎块。
叛徒活该悲惨!弱者活该啜泣!”
(让他把他想说的话写下来。
勉强讲话只会使他空耗体力。)
Some die quietly.Some abound
In loud self-pity.Others spread
Bad morale through the cots around . . .
This is a type that is better dead.
有人死得平静。有人喉头塞满
自怨自怜。也有人在临死之际
恶声恶气,将病榻四周侵染……
这种人死了反而更有裨益。
"The war was forced on me by my foes.
All that I sought was the right to live."
[Don't be afraid of a triple dose;
The pain will neutralize half we give.
“我的敌人将这场战争强加给我,
我所追求的仅仅是生存的权利。”
(三倍剂量而已,没什么大不了的;
疼痛将会抵消一半麻药的效力。)
Here are the needles.See that he dies
While the effects of the drug endure . . .
What is the question he asks with his eyes?—
Yes, All-Highest, to God, be sure.
(针管在这里,直到他死去那一刻
麻醉药的效果都要一直持续……
看,他正用眼神示意,想要问什么?——
是的陛下,您一定能见到上帝。)【黎幺译,有修改】
但是我们肯定就这样告别吉卜林而不提到他的最著名作品《如果》(If)。任何关于英国国民性的描述都必定会提到这首洋溢着基督教坚忍主义的作品——正是这首诗传达的理念或者说品性建立了大英帝国。这首诗原创于1910年,原本描写的是一位莽撞的雇佣兵林德尔.斯塔尔.詹姆森。吉卜林很欣赏此人,不过布尔战争的爆发也有他从中挑衅的责任。尽管如此,这首诗依然打动了全世界千百万读者,印度人甚至认为这首诗完美体现了《博伽梵歌》的精神。诗歌的体例是一位父亲向儿子提出建议:
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or being hated don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;
If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build’ em up with worn out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch and toss
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: “Hold on!”
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run——
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,
And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!
如果你能保持理性,当你
身边所有人都已昏乱,并为此指责你;
如果你能信任自我,当所有人都质疑你——
但还要给他人的质疑留下余地;
如果你能等待,且不会倦于等待,
即使被谎言包围,也不亲口炮制谎言,
即使受人憎恨,也不让憎恨侵入胸怀。
还有,切勿故作姿态,尤忌出口皆箴言。
如果你能做梦,且不受梦的支使,
如果你能思想,且不止步于思想,
如果你能在功名与不幸到来时,
将两者同样视为虚妄的幻象,
如果你能承受,你说出的真相被
卑鄙地扭曲,借以诱使愚人中计,
或者目睹你置于生命中心的事物遭到粉碎,
只会默然躬身,操着残破的工具重新建立。
如果你能留住每一次你赢得的,积少成多,
也能冒险孤注一掷,押上所有积蓄,
输了就重新开始,一次次反复来过,
呼吸之间,从未流露有关失败的语句;
如果你能驱策你的心,你的神经和体力,
坚守你的岗位,当人们早已离去,
一直守着,直到所有一切都将你遗弃,
除了你的意志一直告诉它们:“坚持下去!”
如果你能与平民聊天,而不降低你的品格,
或者与君王同行,也不丢失你的本色,
如果无论敌人或是亲密的朋友,都不能伤你分毫,
如果所有人对于你都有价值,但没有谁过于重要;
如果你对无情飞逝的每一分钟,
都报以六十秒的长跑步伐,绝不袖手闲站,
那么这世界将属于你,万事万物都在其中,
而且——更重要的是——我的孩子,你将成为一名男子汉!【黎幺译,有修改】
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