主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
运动派之后兴起的英国诗人们就事论事地自称为团体派诗人。他们当中有很多人都为读者留下了深刻印象,还有寥寥几个人当真算得上出类拔萃。但是这一时期最显赫的诗坛人物却并非因为本人亲自创作的诗歌而为人所知。这位菲利普.霍布斯鲍姆生长在约克郡的一户波兰-犹太裔家庭,他本人也写诗,但是诗歌批评写得远远更多。他对英国诗坛的真正贡献在于聚集了一批急于崭露头角的年青诗人——在他本人接受教育的剑桥,在伦敦,在贝尔法斯特以及在格拉斯哥。在他亦师亦友的监督下,运动派诗人们的工匠精神扩展到了整个英国。在所有受他影响的诗人当中,最具特色的一位当属来自澳大利亚的彼得.波特。拉金对于飞速变化的文化心存戒惧,波特则全身心投入了这个全新的摇摆英国。在下面这首创作于六十年代初期的《约翰.马斯顿建议愤怒》(John Marston Advises Anger)当中,波特搬出了上一个伊丽莎白时代的剧作家约翰.马斯顿来对比当前的英国社会:
All the boys are howling to take the girls to bed.
Our betters say it’s a seedy world. The critics say
Think of them as an Elizabethan Chelsea set.
Then they’ve never listened to our lot – no talk
Could be less like – but the bodies are the same:
Those jeans and bums and sweaters of the King’s Road
Would fit Marston’s stage. What’s in a name,
If Cheapside and the Marshalsea mean Eng. Lit.
And the Fantasie, Sa Tortuga, Grisbi, Bongi-Bo
Mean life? A cliché? What hurts dies on paper,
Fades to classic pain. Love goes as the MG goes.
The colonel’s daughter in black stockings, hair
Like sash cords, face iced-white, studies art,
Goes home once a month. She won’t marry the men
She sleeps with, she’ll revert to type – it’s part
Of the side-show: Mummy and Daddy in the wings,
The bongos fading on the road to Haslemere
Where inheritors are inheriting still.
Marston’s Malheureux found his whore too dear;
Today some Jazz Club girl on the social make
Would put him through his paces, the aphrodisiac cruel.
His friends would be the smoothies of our Elizabethan age –
The Rally Men, Grantchester Breakfast Men, Public School
Personal Assistants and the fragrant PROs,
Cavalry-twilled tame publishers praising Logue,
Classics Honours Men promoting Jazzetry,
Market Researchers married into Vogue.
It’s a Condé Nast world and so Marston’s was.
His had a real gibbet – our death’s out of sight.
The same thin richness of these worlds remains –
The flesh-packed jeans, the car-stung appetite
Volley on his stage, the cage of discontent.
所有的男孩都嚎叫着要将女孩们带到床上。
我们的长辈说着世界很肮脏。批评家说
要将他们当成伊丽莎白时代的切尔西团体。*1
那时的他们从来不会听我们说话——更不会与
我们交谈——但依然是同一批躯体:
如今国王路上的包臀牛仔裤与毛衣
出现在当年马斯顿的舞台上也很合适。名字有什么意义,
如果齐普赛街与马歇尔希监狱意味着英国文学*2
幻想曲、萨托图加、格里斯比、邦基-波*3
意味着生活?莫非只是陈词滥调?伤痛的缘由在纸面上死去
褪色成为了经典的痛苦。爱伴随着名爵汽车来来往往,
上校的女儿穿着黑丝袜,满头秀发
宛如盘成卷的纱带,面孔白如冰块,学习艺术专业,
每个月回家一次。她不会嫁给
与她上过床的男人,她要逆转类型——这将会是
助兴节目的一部分:老妈老爹住在厢房,
邦戈鼓的声音在通向黑索米尔的道路上逐渐隐没,
继承者们依然继承着那里的房产。
马斯顿笔下的马吕埃觉得他请来的妓女都太贵;
今天爵士乐俱乐部里的交际花姑娘们
想必要检验一下他的成色,残忍的催情剂。
他的朋友们想必都是我们这个伊丽莎白时代的潮男潮女——
拉里帮,格兰切斯特早餐帮,公立学校出身的
个人助理以及遍体香气的职业人士,
身穿斜纹布的驯良出版商赞美着罗格,*4
古典荣誉的人们推广着爵士乐,
市场研究员嫁进了《时尚》杂志。
如今是康泰纳仕的世界,马斯顿那时候也一样。
不过他的世界真有绞刑架——我们的世界将死刑遮挡在视线以外。
两个世界都保持着一层同样浅薄的丰富——
丰满的牛仔裤,豪车激起的胃口
在他的舞台上铺陈开来,化作不满的牢笼。
*1【既二十世纪五十年代中期聚集在伦敦西区国王路上的一批年轻艺术家与知识分子。】
*2【均为英国文学史上的伦敦著名地标,常见于狄更斯的小说。】
*3【均为二十世纪五十年代伦敦著名夜店与咖啡馆。】
*4【应为克里斯托弗.罗格(Christopher Logue),流行于五六十年代的英国诗人。】
五十年代时英国政府曾经大力劝说饱受战争与物资紧缺折磨的英国人向海外移民,尤其是前往澳大利亚与新西兰。但是没过多久就有一批人数少得多但是文化意义却大得多的移民从这两个国家涌入了英国。这些胸怀大志且文化水平颇高的澳大利亚人与新西兰人来到伦敦之后也为这座城市的改头换面出了一份力。这些人当中包括诗人、批评家以及电视主持人克里夫.詹姆斯、女权主义先锋杰梅茵.格里尔,还有彼得.波特。这批移民当中有一位加入了团体派诗人,她就是来自新西兰的芙勒.阿德科克。就像詹姆斯与波特一样,阿德科克也为此时看上去似乎有点乏力的英国诗坛带来了全新的视角。下面这首《圆满结局》(Happy Ending)文笔欢脱,诗人以女性特有的敏锐观察力描写了某个每天都在发生的现象——进行性爱的尝试往往并不成功:
After they had not made love
she pulled the sheet up over her eyes
until he was buttoning his shirt:
not shyness for their bodies – those
they had willingly displayed – but a frail
endeavour to apologise.
在他们俩没有做爱之后,
她拉起床单将两眼盖过
直到他起身扣上衬衫的扣子:
并非因为他们的身体而感到羞涩——
他们自愿将身体展现在对方面前——
而是想要道歉,尽管这份努力很脆弱。
Later, though, drawn together by
a distaste for such 'untidy ends'
they agreed to meet again; whereupon
they giggled, reminisced, held hands
as though what they had made was love –
and not that happier outcome, friends.
不过一会儿之后,两人又依偎在一起,
因为这么“不干脆”的结局不合他们的胃口。
所以他们一致同意今后还要再次见面,
然后就一起咯咯笑,一起伤怀,手拉着手
就好像他们刚才已经做过了爱——
而并非达成了更快乐的结果,也就是成为朋友。
笔者斗胆主张,这首诗标志了英国人的性观念在二十世纪后半期的逐渐成熟,不过笔者并没有证据证明这一点。不过为了证明阿德科克的诗才一以贯之,请看下面这首《接吻》(Kissing)。这首短诗以同样细腻的观察力展现了青年与中年的异同之处:
The young are walking on the riverbank
arms around each other’s waist and shoulders,
pretending to be looking at the waterlilies
and what might be a nest of some kind, over
there, which two who are clamped together
mouth to mouth have forgotten about.
The others, making courteous detours
around them, talk, stop talking, kiss.
They can see no one older than themselves.
It’s their river. They’ve got all day.
年轻人沿着河岸散步
胳膊挽在彼此的腰间与肩头,
他们假装正在观赏河面上的睡莲
以及河对岸的某种鸟巢,
那边的一对男女已经扭抱在一起
嘴对着嘴忘记了外界的存在。
其他情侣们全都礼貌地绕行,
躲开他们俩,然后聊天,无言,接吻。
他们看不到附近有谁比他们更年长。
这是他们的河流,一整天都属于他们。
Seeing’s not everything. At this very
moment the middle-aged are kissing
in the backs of taxis, on the way
to airports and stations. Their mouths and tongues
are soft and powerful and as moist as ever.
Their hands are not inside each other’s clothes
(because of the driver) but locked so tightly
together that it hurts: it may leave marks
on their not of course youthful skin, which they won’t
notice. They too may have futures.
不过眼前景象并非一切。就在此时此刻
中年男女们也在热烈亲吻
他们坐在出租车后座上,正在赶赴
机场与火车站。他们的唇舌
依然像当年那样柔软、有力、湿润。
他们的双手并未伸进彼此的襟怀
(碍于司机在场)但却依然十指相扣
不惜气力,以至于隐隐作痛:或许会在他们
已经不再年轻的皮肤上留下印记,不过他们并不会
留心注意。他们同样也有未来。
约翰.韦恩与托姆.冈恩是另外两位与运动派以及运动派时候的诗坛走向有关系的诗人,两人都值得在这里占据一席之地。冈恩是一位颇有名气的舰队街记者的儿子,生在肯特的格雷夫森德。他也是当代同性恋解放运动推出的第一位诗人。他的诗歌明白无误而非闪烁其词地描写了性爱与毒品,最后他搬到美国加州定居并且在那里逝世。他在二十世纪后半期的英国诗坛可谓独树一帜,部分原因在于他的选材不同寻常。下面这首《运动中》(On the Move)的题材是摩托车。在五十年代末与六十年代初,英国私家车保有量还没有迎来井喷,道路依然空旷,这是摩托车手们的黄金时代。一方面追求急速的各种飞车党帮派纷纷涌现,另一方面成千上万的青年男性都认为这台两个轮子加一具引擎的机器象征了父母一代想都不敢想的自由。诗歌的最后一句简直可以作为这个机车爱好者黄金十年的座右铭:
The blue jay scuffling in the bushes follows
Some hidden purpose, and the gust of birds
That spurts across the field, the wheeling swallows,
Has nested in the trees and undergrowth.
Seeking their instinct, or their poise, or both,
One moves with an uncertain violence
Under the dust thrown by a baffled sense
Or the dull thunder of approximate words.
蓝色松鸦于矮树丛中窸窣着遵循
某种隐秘的目的,鸟儿掀起的阵风
疾掠而过,横穿田野,盘旋的群燕
已在树与灌木中筑了巢。
寻觅着本能,或是平衡,又或二者皆有,
一个人运动,以一种不定的激情
覆盖着困惑的感官激起的尘土
又或是近似的词语诱发的雷鸣。
On motorcycles, up the road, they come:
Small, black, as flies hanging in heat, the Boys,
Until the distance throws them forth, their hum
Bulges to thunder held by calf and thigh.
In goggles, donned impersonality,
In gleaming jackets trophied with the dust,
They strap in doubt – by hiding it, robust –
And almost hear a meaning in their noise.
骑着摩托,开上大路,他们来了:
又小,又黑,像烈日下的苍蝇,一群男孩,
直到距离把他们抛向前方,他们的嘈杂声
膨胀如雷响,为小腿与大腿掌控。
戴着护目镜,那是无个性的面具,
穿着闪闪发光的夹克,把灰尘当作威望,
他们绑住疑虑——隐藏它,由此显粗野——
几乎能从各自的噪音中听出意义。
Exact conclusion of their hardiness
Has no shape yet, but from known whereabouts
They ride, direction where the tyres press.
They scare a flight of birds across the field:
Much that is natural, to the will must yield.
Men manufacture both machine and soul,
And use what they imperfectly control
To dare a future from the taken routes.
他们的坚韧,那确切的结论
尚未有外形,但从已知的地点出发
他们骑行,方向由轮胎碾压。
他们吓退一群飞越田野的鸟:
许多事要凭本能,所谓意志必得屈服。
人类制造机器同样也造出了灵魂,
能使用他们无法完全控制之物
敢于从往昔的行踪踏上未走的路。
It is a part solution, after all.
One is not necessarily discord
On earth; or damned because, half animal,
One lacks direct instinct, because one wakes
Afloat on movement that divides and breaks.
One joins the movement in a valueless world,
Choosing it, till, both hurler and the hurled,
One moves as well, always toward, toward.
无论怎样都是部分解决方案。
一个人不一定非得嘈杂于世;
或是被诅咒,因为,人只算半个动物,
他缺乏直接的本能,因为人总是醒着
漂浮在分裂与中断的运动中。
一个参与运动的人在一个无价值的世界里
无论怎样选择,都同为投掷者与被投掷者
同样地,一个人于运动中,永远在向前,向前。
A minute holds them, who have come to go:
The self-defined, astride the created will
They burst away; the towns they travel through
Are home for neither bird nor holiness,
For birds and saints complete their purposes.
At worst, one is in motion; and at best,
Reaching no absolute, in which to rest,
One is always nearer by not keeping still.
时间控制着他们,他们来了又走:
他们自我定义,跨越了创造的意志
他们突然消失;他们经过的城镇
既不是飞鸟也不是神灵的安居之所,
不能让鸟儿与圣徒完成各自的使命,
最坏境遇,一个人在运动;最佳境遇,
尚未抵达极值,那里人将休憩,
只要不止步就总会更加接近。【特德休斯粉网友译,有修改】
尽管托姆.冈恩与约翰.韦恩都曾经走过学术路线,但是两人的方向却相去甚远。韦恩投入了以《指环王》作者J.R.R托尔金以及《纳尼亚传奇》作者C.S.刘易斯为核心的牛津圈子里。他的早期小说作品使得他与艾米斯和拉金一道被贴上了“愤怒青年”的标签,但是他的为人气质其实更加温和,书卷气也更重。此外他不仅写小说,还写得一手优秀的文坛传记。在这一时期,人们对于核战争即将来临、文明即将毁灭的偏执恐惧达到了顶点。1958年的某一天,韦恩在某份周日小报上看到一则报道,说是当初在1945年向广岛投下原子弹的美军机组当中的一位飞行员克劳德.伊萨里上校在战后总是噩梦缠身并且拒绝动用退伍津贴,因为他觉得这是杀人换来的钱。此人后来沦落到了依赖盗窃维生的地步并且被关进了监狱。有感而发的韦恩随即创作了下面这首《伊萨里上校之歌》(A Song about Major Eatherly):
Good news. It seems he loved them after all.
His orders were to fry their bones to ash.
He carried up the bomb and let it fall.
And then his orders were to take the cash,
好消息。看起来他毕竟还是将他们深爱着。
他收到的命令是将他们的骨头全都炸掉。
他携带炸弹升空,然后令其坠落,
再然后遵循命令回家领取钞票。
A hero’s pension. But he let it lie.
It was in vain to ask him for the cause.
Simply that if he touched it he would die.
He fought his own, and not his country’s wars.
英雄的津贴。但是他却分文不动。
问他所为何故也只是白费气力。
似乎他碰一碰这笔钱就会将性命断送。
他为了自己走上战场,并非为了国家服役。
His orders told him he was not a man:
An instrument, fine-tempered, clear of stain,
All fears and passions closed up like a fan:
No more volition than his aeroplane.
他并不是人,他的命令如此宣称
而是工具,调试精细,不沾污渍,
一切恐惧与激情都要锁进笼中,
他并不比他驾驶的飞机更有自由意志。
But now he fought to win his manhood back.
Steep from the sunset of his pain he flew
Against the darkness in that last attack.
It was for love he fought, to make that true.
但现在他为了赢回做人的资格而战,
他急速飞离了他的痛苦的日落时分,
冲向那最后一次空袭的无边黑暗。
这次他为了爱而战,战斗是为了让爱成真。
笔者认为这首诗的精神内核继承了西格里夫.萨松。接下来诗人进一步思考了杀戮对于杀人者自身的摧残,无论受害者是日本平民还是落入陷阱的狐狸。在本诗第三节,韦恩更进一步涉足了宗教领域。下面这段诗文像极了清教布道:
Hell is a furnace, so the wise men taught.
The punishment for sin is to be broiled.
A glowing coal for every sinful thought.
地狱是一座熔炉,智者如此宣讲。
惩罚一切理应承受烈火的罪孽。
一块通红的火炭对应所有罪恶的念想。
The heat of God’s great furnace ate up sin,
Which whispered up in smoke or fell in ash:
So that each hour a new hour could begin.
上帝熔炉的炽热吞吃了罪孽,
要么在青烟中低吟,要么落入灰堆:
所以每个小时之后新的小时才会出现。
So fire was holy, though it tortured souls,
The sinners’ anguish never ceased, but still
Their sin was burnt from them by shining coals.
这是神圣的火焰,虽然折磨灵魂,
罪人的痛苦无休无止,尽管如此
灼灼煤块烧掉了他们身上的罪孽污痕。
Hell fried the criminal but burnt the crime,
Purged where it punished, healed where it destroyed:
It was a stove that warmed the rooms of time.
地狱炙烤罪犯却将罪行烧成青烟,
在惩罚之处清洁,在毁灭之处治愈:
这就是壁炉,温暖了光阴的房间。
No man begrudged the flames their appetite.
All were afraid of fire, yet none rebelled.
The wise men taught that hell was just and right.
谁也不会勉强将烈焰咽下腹内。
所有人都怕火,但是无人叛逆。
地狱乃是公正之地,这是智者的教诲。
到了下一章我们还会遇到更多的政治诗歌与反核武诗歌,但是笔者希望本章内容足以破除关于战后英国诗坛的迷思。在这个充满了动荡炫目令人难辨东西的社会变革的时期,英国诗坛绝非气息奄奄,也绝没有切断自身与更广大英国体验之间的关系。
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