五千年(敝帚自珍)

主题:【原创】印度崛起:神话与现实 -- 晨枫

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          • 家园 最重要的,还是人

            大多数的人,寄希望于来世,这辈子凑合一天是一天,到时候,往恒河里一扔,来世就幸福了。

            就这种生活态度,给印度人什么,都白扯。撑死了,也就是几个牛人鼓捣出核试验之类的东西,再多了,就没戏了。

            中国的古人也是敬天畏命,但是不乏自强不息,充分发挥人的主观能动。

            我觉得,中印两国人的生活态度,可能跟自然地理条件有关。

            用农耕的观点看,印度的自然条件太优越了,要耕地有耕地,要季风有季风,随便凑合一下,就能活下来。

            中国也有耕地,但是优质耕地的面积太小(相对人口来说),中国也有季风,但是影响范围不大(相对国土面积来说),所以先人们不得不发挥主观能动,充分利用各种自然资源,如兴修水利。

            这么着,几千年下来,就形成了不同的民族性格。说不上哪种性格更好,毕竟都活了几千年嘛。

            在短时间内看来,似乎还是中国人比较适合从农耕转向工业。印度人嘛,反正我是一时半会儿看不出他们的前途。

            • 家园 【讨论】From Bharat Rakshak BBS

              Some discussion from India BBS Bharat Rakshak shares similar view.

              In western and middle-eastern cultures, usually the first desire plays a more significant role then the second and there is a historical basis for this. Most western countries are extremely cold and historically it has been difficult to grow food or gather plant food there (same with middle-eastern countries). So survival ensured, that one had to kill other animals and eat their flesh and also use their hide as clothing. One could not survive without doing so. Survival also ensured that one had to find a suitable shelter against cold and be able to protect it against other humans and animals.

              In India, we have historically been blessed with an extremely conductive environment for human living. Rivers in India don't freeze up, plants don't necessary die over the winter, forests don't necessarily shed all their leaves and go into hibernation, historically one can easily live of plant food all year round, the function of clothing is generally to cover yourself rather than to protect yourself against elements of nature, and if you don't find shelter you can just sleep outside for most of the year.

              I guess what I am saying is that historical and evolutionary factors have ensured that western and middle-eastern cultures are conditioned towards exploiting nature around them for their survival and growth. Those same evolutionary factors have been absent in much of Indian subcontinent and upto the extent that historically one has been survive and grow without the need for exploiting nature and hence Hindus in general have this whole philosophy and lifestyle live in sync with nature.

              So, now that we live in modern times, somebody basically needs to teach these people (middle-east / western cultures) to toss aside their mindless evolutionary reaction to conquer and dominate around them.

              At the same time, we ourselves need to get more proactive in defending our turf against our evolutionary reaction which basically tells us that there is really no need to do so to guard against cultures whose survival has depended upon exploiting nature around them. Usually in modern times there is a balance between human impulse to "dominate, exploit, and be greedy" vs. "live in sync with nature". Its just a matter of which side India will put more weight on as it develops.

              So where does this leave China? Not sure, but I can tell you for sure that some of the oldest philosophy on "authoritarianism" originated in China. Like we have multiple works focusing on Dharma, the Chinese have multiple works focusing on authoritarianism. Authoritarianism is not just a CCP trait, its a Chinese trait. I am sure their must be evolutionary reasons for this, but again, we need to be more proactive in guarding against this Chinese inclination towards authoritarianism.

              So if someone tells me that one needs to be greedy and exploitative to survive and grow, I would tell them this is a western/middle-eastern trait. If someone tells me that one needs a strong central authority in to survive and grow, I would tell them that is a Chinese trait. If someone tells me one needs to live in sync with nature without exploiting nature, I would tell them that's an Indian trait.

              I don't necessarily claim this to be "absolute truth" or the "entire complete truth", but I hope I am making sense

            • 家园 Disscussion from bharat-raks

              In western and middle-eastern cultures, usually the first desire plays a more significant role then the second and there is a historical basis for this. Most western countries are extremely cold and historically it has been difficult to grow food or gather plant food there (same with middle-eastern countries). So survival ensured, that one had to kill other animals and eat their flesh and also use their hide as clothing. One could not survive without doing so. Survival also ensured that one had to find a suitable shelter against cold and be able to protect it against other humans and animals.

              In India, we have historically been blessed with an extremely conductive environment for human living. Rivers in India don't freeze up, plants don't necessary die over the winter, forests don't necessarily shed all their leaves and go into hibernation, historically one can easily live of plant food all year round, the function of clothing is generally to cover yourself rather than to protect yourself against elements of nature, and if you don't find shelter you can just sleep outside for most of the year.

              I guess what I am saying is that historical and evolutionary factors have ensured that western and middle-eastern cultures are conditioned towards exploiting nature around them for their survival and growth. Those same evolutionary factors have been absent in much of Indian subcontinent and upto the extent that historically one has been survive and grow without the need for exploiting nature and hence Hindus in general have this whole philosophy and lifestyle live in sync with nature.

              So, now that we live in modern times, somebody basically needs to teach these people (middle-east / western cultures) to toss aside their mindless evolutionary reaction to conquer and dominate around them.

              At the same time, we ourselves need to get more proactive in defending our turf against our evolutionary reaction which basically tells us that there is really no need to do so to guard against cultures whose survival has depended upon exploiting nature around them. Usually in modern times there is a balance between human impulse to "dominate, exploit, and be greedy" vs. "live in sync with nature". Its just a matter of which side India will put more weight on as it develops.

              So where does this leave China? Not sure, but I can tell you for sure that some of the oldest philosophy on "authoritarianism" originated in China. Like we have multiple works focusing on Dharma, the Chinese have multiple works focusing on authoritarianism. Authoritarianism is not just a CCP trait, its a Chinese trait. I am sure their must be evolutionary reasons for this, but again, we need to be more proactive in guarding against this Chinese inclination towards authoritarianism.

              So if someone tells me that one needs to be greedy and exploitative to survive and grow, I would tell them this is a western/middle-eastern trait. If someone tells me that one needs a strong central authority in to survive and grow, I would tell them that is a Chinese trait. If someone tells me one needs to live in sync with nature without exploiting nature, I would tell them that's an Indian trait.

              I don't necessarily claim this to be "absolute truth" or the "entire complete truth", but I hope I am making sense

            • 家园 不要忘了,文革,以及

              Mao思想对中国人传统“天命”思想的颠覆性改变。所谓适合转型的中华民族,在工业社会的大门外徘徊也不只几十年了。

              不管你爱他也好,敬畏他也好,恨他也好,中国在他的手上有了一个翻天覆地的变化。中国之所以成为现在的中国,MAO起了决定性的作用。这也就注定了中国的革命和发展模式无法复制。

            • 家园 忧患意识

              用农耕的观点看,印度的自然条件太优越了,要耕地有耕地,要季风有季风,随便凑合一下,就能活下来。

              貌似东南亚人大都是这种生活态度,穷是穷了点, 但靠山吃山,靠水吃水,从不愁饿肚子。

              而中国人那种未雨绸缪、积谷防饥的忧患意识已深深植入民族性格中。

              • 家园 我一直有一个疑问,北美的印第安人,咋就那么萎呢

                看纬度,跟中国差不多,论工业化前的条件,也跟中国差不多,怎么就没有创造出说得过去的文明呢,拉丁美洲好歹还有玛雅、印加之类的让人缅怀的东西呢。

                还有非洲大陆。

                • 家园 俩因素,一,偏僻,二,地形

                  偏僻。

                  美洲与旧大陆隔绝。

                  人类起源于旧大陆,最早起源于非洲,旧大陆有着丰富的历史积累。

                  美洲是一个全新的世界。印第安人属于开拓者,先锋队。他们需要一个强有力的后盾。

                  但是白令地峡的消失使他们与世隔绝。

                  即便白令地峡存在的时候,他们也很难获得足够的支援。

                  所以他们几乎演变成了弃子。

                  如果不是因为他们拥有较为广阔的活动范围,那么他们几乎一定会演变为文明的孤岛。像大洋洲上的孤岛一样从先进向落后退化。

                  偏僻使他们没有接触到旧大陆厚积薄发之后发生的文明井喷,所以相对落后了。

                  然后第二个因素发生了作用。

                  地形。

                  亚欧大陆上发生过很多精彩的故事。在古代时期,亚欧大陆发生了很多文明交流。虽然在现代看起来,亚欧大陆的文明交流是很缓慢的,但是如果放在上古时代来看,放在更古老的时代来看,亚欧大陆的文明交流简直可以说是剧烈!

                  生物地理分区上,古北界是囊括北非、排除南亚、东南亚、华南的亚欧大陆主体区域。这个区域的动植物有很多交流,在生物分区上,介绍古北界的时候常常会说:古北界没有特产科。古北界本身是很多动物的演化中心,但是古北界却没有特产科,所谓特产科就是这个区域独有的动物。也就是说,古北界有的动物在别的地方都有。反过来说就是,这块庞大的陆地区域,能够对外输出动物。能够方便的对外输出动物,自然也可以对外接受动物。而那些有着大量特产科的地方,却必然是封闭的、无法输出的区域。

                  人不也就是一种动物吗?

                  科学家们研究人类历史,为了人到底是单一的非洲起源还是多次起源而拼命争论,其实汇总一下材料就可以看出,人类起源所反映的现象就是:人最早起源于非洲,但是非洲的输出存在障碍,导致非洲的古人类不能稳定向外输出,只能间断性的对外输出,于是出现了不同时期走出非洲的古人类在各地独立演化,并且多次相互覆盖,形成了很多没有生殖隔离的亚种。比如说尼安德特人,丹尼索瓦人,……还多次出现杂交。最终形成现代人。

                  用一个简单的例子就可以说明了。比如说首先成功走出非洲的是1,其次成功的是2,其三是3。1在亚洲和欧洲分别演化,成为11和12,然后11在中亚南亚北亚分别演化,成为111,112和113。然后三者在东亚、东南亚、东北亚继续演化,形成1111,1121,1131,然后又重新交叉混合,变成1111+1121,1111+1131……这些由于演化时间较短,还不存在生殖隔离,区别大多也不很大。2来到了。他们一出门就和11遭遇。然后形成2+11,然后渐次扩散……最后的结果是人种极其复杂,但是由于演化时间短,本质上是同源的,加上不断的杂交,导致生殖隔离容许的自由度大大增加,所以各地亚种之间的生殖隔离几乎不存在……

                  那么为什么会在亚欧大陆上出现这么多频次的覆盖和交流呢?

                  因为亚欧大陆自身是一个东西走向的大陆。

                  在同纬度地区,地理接近的区域,只要距离不是很远,地形变化不大,一般来说,光照条件相近,获取的能量也相近,气候条件也相似。这样植物生存条件也相似,动物生存条件也相似。于是极其有利于动植物的横向分布。

                  亚欧大陆本身,由于地理的缘故,有个从北非开始,向东北方向伸展的干旱区域,一直伸展到了中亚。这一区域的气候相似性是比较大的,有利于动物的迁徙。特别是干旱但是并不是令人绝望的完全干旱,这样一个相对“清静”的环境,对于长途迁徙的阻碍远小于热带雨林。

                  亚欧大陆上东西向的交流是比较便利的。

                  但是到了美洲大陆就不同了。

                  美洲大陆是一个南北长东西窄的地形。而且南北美在生物界上也是隔离的,不是一家。中部的雨林也形成了强大的地理阻隔。一个活生生的例子:人类在农耕时代战斗力最强的中国人南征北战打到了自己的古代地理极限,其南界就是热带雨林。

                  所以理论上来说,南北美这样一个本来就基础薄弱的地理区间,还要被分割成两块。

                  北美地区在中南部有较好的大平原,但是这块平原由于地形的缘故,向北开口的喇叭口,在冬季特别容易出现暴雪,在夏季又经常出现龙卷风,从积累的角度说,极其不利。

                  其西部则是高原、高山、密林、沙漠。主要河流则是北美南部一条自西北向中南流淌的南北向大河。北美的北部则十分冰冷。我们知道,由于暖流的缘故,北大西洋东岸非常温暖,那么西岸呢?北美东部的北半部,处于寒流的影响下。这样北部和南部就有了巨大的差异。而且冰雪的北部并不能容纳太大的经济体。

                  美洲相比亚欧大陆已经很小了,就这样一个区域,再分成南北两半。分开之后,北美这一块又要再次南北分开。在第二次南北分开之后,高原高山沙漠与平原大河温暖潮湿的区域又要东西分开……这简直就像青藏高原和四川盆地做邻居。极盛时期的吐蕃王朝都无法适应四川的环境,极盛时期的唐王朝也无法适应青藏高原的环境。

                  偏僻导致美洲印第安人的历史积累很少,从邻居那里获得新的交流积累也很少,地形又限制了他们自身的积累和发展……

                  所以他们的发展有很大很大几率会很滞后。

                  只有很低的可能性,令美洲印第安人“意外”实现了更加先进的文明程度。

                  但是他们的积累实在太少了。

                  北美印第安人的生活状态,大多还是以游牧渔猎为主。比如很多北美印第安人的食物主要来源是北美野牛。这是典型的游牧阶段的生活状态。

                  游牧阶段的能量积累要远低于农耕阶段。

                  一个层级的差距,很难有惊艳的表现。

                  就好像两个人比赛叠千纸鹤,谁叠得多谁赢,第一个人一次叠一张纸,一次十秒钟,第二个人借助工具,一次叠十张纸,也是十秒钟。那么两个人都去叠一天,谁赢?前一个人需要什么样的机缘巧合,才有可能超越第二个人?

                  那就只有指望第二个人是龟兔赛跑里那个睡懒觉的兔子。而且工作时间要低于第一个人的十分之一。

                  北美印第安人失去与人类数百万年进化的积累接触的机会,又在一个困乏的环境里生存,怎么样才能反超呢?

                  南美印第安人的幸运之处在于他们发展出了较好的农业。而他们的农业基础同样薄弱:

                  南美热带雨林,特别是亚马逊河流域的雨林,底下的土壤只有薄薄的一层,几十厘米,一旦雨林被砍伐,雨林里猛烈的暴雨很快就会将土壤冲走,留下沙子……所以在雨林里的很多地方都只有很短暂的耕作期。

                  而且雨林里物产极其丰富,各种各样意想不到的虫害都会袭来。为什么那里多有毒虫?因为连虫子都不知道这个鬼地方有多少意想不到的敌人,他们无力依靠大脑去规避这些风险,于是只好变成毒虫。这里的物种太丰富,所以我们没有精力去识别危险,只好将自己变得十分危险。

                  亚欧大陆是演化中心。本质上是他足够空旷,足够均一,却又足够复杂。

                  通宝推:江南水,老老狐狸,
                • 家园 有一个理论:地理决定论

                  说是与大陆走向很有关系。欧亚大陆是东西走向,而美洲和非洲是南北走向。欧亚大陆上的文明基本处于同一纬度,非常易于农作物和农牧业技术的传播和互相促进,比如丝绸之路。同样规模的传播在经度走向的非洲和美洲几乎是不可能的,首先不同温度带的农业和畜牧跟本不能相通,其次人口的交流也会缓慢许多...

        • 家园 年轻的人口,如果有良好的教育,是一笔财富,

          没有的话,那只能是累赘。

      • 家园 哪儿有作者的名字啊?找了半天没找到

        如果作者不是一个印度人,我会非常惊讶的。

    • 家园 其实这里深层的问题是文明代差。

      工业化落实在企业是管理是规章,落实到个人是技能更是纪律。土鳖的农民大海洋要熬干成工业化队伍,深圳和其它加工区功不可没。那里榨取的不仅是廉价剩余劳动力,也是一个大学校,让十几二十岁的散漫农民变成有纪律的现代化工人。

      这是一座巨大学校,塑造了普及了工业文化。

      老美老说什么廉价工厂夕阳工业,其实人类文明进程哪一个阶段都跳不过去,没有工业化就没有信息化。

      老印以为自己能够时髦到一步进入信息化时代,从而忽略了工业化的普及。这不但会造成社会结构的严重脱节,少量加入国际大循环的信息化孤岛,被农业化时代的大海洋所围绕。少数的人现代富裕的生活反衬出巨大范围的贫穷落后。

      所以我的观察,有政治的因素,包括政府效率和政治成本;但目前定义和理解中印差距的根本还是在文化甚至文明的层次。了解了这点,就能对你文中所说的所有细节会有心理准备。

      中国是一个城市化进程中的工业普及文明;印度还停滞在农耕文明阶段。

      通宝推:林风清逸,金陵明安,all4fun,卷心菜,

      本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
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