五千年(敝帚自珍)

主题:【原创】再说,闭关与锁国 -- 葡萄

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      • 家园 回辞不答意的:[注意]民族为民众存在,还是民众为了民族而活

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        • 家园 文化不能救亡,是革命拯救祖国和改革谋发展

          1、 民既民众也为民族

          某一种族的民众,和民族认知没有关系。

          瑞士-德国政治理论家J.K.布伦奇利认为民族有8种特质:

          ① 其始也同居一地

          ② 其始也同一血统

          ③ 同其肢体形状

          ④ 同其语言

          ⑤ 同其文字

          ⑥ 同其宗教

          ⑦ 同其风俗

          ⑧ 同其生计(经济) 

          孙中山提出形成民族的5个力:

          第一血统、第二生活、第三语言、第四宗教、第五风俗习惯 

          《现代汉语词典》的解释是:

          (1)指历史上形成的、处于不同社会发展阶段的各种人的共同体

          (2)特指具有共同语言、共同地域、共同经济生活以及表现于共同文化上的共同心理素质的人的共同体

          《韦伯斯特大学辞典》对民族的解释依次是:

          ① 由一般表现为共同语言、宗教、习俗等等的假设的血缘纽带联结起来的人群;

          ② 具有相同的惯例、习俗以及社会同一意识与共同利益感的人群;

          ③ 统一在一个单一的独立政府之下的一国居民之总体,即国家。

          19世纪法国历史学家、文学家勒南(Ernest Rennan, 1823-1892):一个民族是一个灵魂、一种精神原则;共同受苦、共同欢乐、共同希望--这些就是造成民族的东西。

          英国现代民族学家科本(Alfred Cobban):没有任何一位民族学理论家能够从客观角度提供民族的定义。我们所能提供的最好回答就是:任何一个地域共同体,只要其成员意识到自己是该共同体的成员,并希望保持对其的认同,就是一个民族。

          当代英国学者塞顿-沃特森(Hugh Seton-Watson):当一个共同体中相当一部分人认为自己构成一个民族,或它们的行为如同已经形成了一个民族时,该民族就诞生了。A nation exists when a signicant number of people in a community consider themselves to form a nation, or behave as if they formed one.

          意大利近代民族主义者马志尼(Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805-1872):阿尔卑士山和地中海规定了意大利民族的界限,范式说意大利语的地方,就是意大利人民的家园。

          斯大林的定义:民族是人们在历史上形成的一个有共同语言、共同地域、共同经济生活以及表现于共同文化上的共同心理素质的稳定的共同体。

          一个对自己的文化无法产生认同感与自豪的民族是没有希望的民族,一个失去自己文化灵魂的民族不知道可以算什么民族!!!

          满人入关后一直到今天,满族开始讲汉语,放弃奴隶制和狩猎。拿满人入关时候的满族,和今天的满族对比,当初满族的文化灭亡了没有?满人的存在说明了什么呢?

          2、其次我也不知道你说的世界潮流是什么,但是自冷战以来,西方主张的是民族自治与民族自决

          世界潮流是不接受学习西方文明,不进行现代化,就要亡国灭种。是弱肉强食,不是假惺惺的民族自决。

          3、没有证据表明,有什么印地安人部落是被屠杀与灭绝的.有的话还请说明.

          这是我这个月看到的最无耻的语言。

          自己去查阅吧――

          尼尔?索尔兹伯里:《美国印第安人和美国史》( American Indians and  AmericanHistory》

          4、如果我理解正确的话,我想抗日战争也好历次我们中华民族抵抗侵略的战争也好都是没有意义的了.

          高论啊,抗日战争是用中华文化打赢的?

          5、坚持自己文化的民族未必生存,但是放弃自己文化的民族无一延续

          印第安人的故事已经证明,不会放弃,不会学习,不能与时俱进的民族会绝种。

          文化不能救亡,是革命拯救祖国和改革谋发展;当旧文化妨碍进步,应该毫不犹豫地抛弃掉。

          关键词(Tags): #文化不能救亡

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      • 家园 还有中国文化么?恐怕只剩下文献了,所谓文化基本上已经停滞千年了

        真正有开创意义上的大思想家

        已经2000多年没产生了

        既便是最低标准的中国文化的思想家,也已经300年没有诞生过了

        其他的,不过是些搞选育搞杂交的园艺师罢了

        难听点说,中国文化,已经等于是死了的文化了

        我们对中国文化的智慧大脑的继承已经越来越少,而中国文化的躯体则不得不做了多次器官移植以适应国际生态

        除了汉字汉语,我们剩不下什么了。

        也没有什么能够值得我们去真正的主动去吸收学习的,毕竟他们已经是2000年前的尸体,早已不鲜活了

        我们的祖宗留下的遗产让我们吃了2000年老本,到现在早就剩不下什么了

        干尸是不可能谈什么生长发展的

        看看北大元培班的下场吧

        当初雄心壮志要趁着那帮老先生还没见炎帝黄帝去,要培养一批承前启后的国学大师人物

        结果呢,毕业后一个不剩,全跑外企打工去了,国学,不知道哪里去了

        被当作传递薪火的种子选手尚且如此,还指望被升学就业折磨的普通大众如何呢?

        文化,终久是有闲阶级才搞得起来的

        • 家园 有待商榷

          文化不是帝王将相、才子佳人、大师达人们的文化。

          文化首先是小民的文化,忠孝理智信只要还在民间,中华文化就没断决。

          • 家园 恨铁不成钢啊,看着钢胚往变废铜烂铁的方向去,唉

            可是,

            文化首先是小民的文化,忠孝理智信只要还在民间,中华文化就没断决。???

            那称得上是文化么?

            充其量是风俗习惯传统罢了,最多也就是文化的根基

            没有诞生新的思想家的那些根基,是升华不出文化的

            而且,看如今的样子,怎么都是流于恶俗的趋势,比如木子美,FRJJ,比如超级女声

            • 家园 还不至于如此

              比如木子美,FRJJ,比如超级女声

              这些也就是流行事物,比不上风俗习惯传统。

              其实,忠孝理智信,理智信在加强,忠孝在淡化,中国人依然是中国人。

              • 家园 中国这个民族自然不会亡,中华文明经过百年来器官移植以后也不会亡

                可中国文化是一种被升华提炼出来的东西组成的

                忠孝理智信可不是什么独特的的中国文化的表征

                不是说中国字写出来的就是中国文化

                正如《水经注》《文心雕龙》可以视为中国文化的代表而《中国地质科考成果汇编》《汉语语法》却不是

        • 家园 中国文化是死了的文化?呵呵,慎言啊。
          • 家园 这里指的是狭义的文化,比如诗词国画艺术之类,说死了确实太严重

            从诸子百家到唐诗宋词

            从工笔花鸟到金石书法

            都越来越沦为小众的闲暇娱乐或是学生混加分的所谓特长

            这样下去,中国文化恐怕真的要彻底死亡了

            现在了诸子百家都不提了,好像中国古代文化思想哲学等等就剩下儒家了,新儒家都快成复古的代名词了 这本身就已经是死了大半条命了

            广义上的文化里

            这54以来的新小说新诗歌,怎么都是用汉字写的外国思想外国逻辑外国内涵的外国货,鼓吹的也是洋哲学洋生活

            思想哲学政治领域不是言必称希腊罗马就是高举马恩列斯的大旗

            道德风尚民俗礼仪半中半洋

            更有全民学英语,出处看外语文凭 的怪现象,怪不得有人半开玩笑的组织反鸟语神教还应者众多

      • 家园 【注意】民族为民众存在,还是民众为了民族而活

        文化是一个民族存在的根!一个没有高科技的民族在战争中可能会一战而败,可一个没有优良文化传统的民族,会不战而灭!!一个对自己的文化无法产生认同感与自豪的民族是没有希望的民族,一个失去自己文化灵魂的民族不知道可以算什么民族!!!

        民族为民众存在,还是民众为了民族而活?

        你大谈文化认同,不谈世界潮流。

        让我想起19世纪美国西部大开发,白人的大车伴随着来福枪征服西部。原住民印第安人原来是依靠弓箭狩猎迁移的北美野牛群为生的,但是白人的滥捕滥杀让北美野牛逐渐绝种了。

        资料――

        Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump

        野牛断头崖。这个算是加拿大艾伯塔省最有名的景点了吧。这里被平原印第安人用来猎捕野牛已有5600年的历史,被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产。猎捕野牛的方法是面对野牛群,后面有人扮作狼驱赶野牛,前面有人扮成野牛引导野牛群往悬崖那里跑,然后通过绳子荡进悬崖下面的山洞里,野牛自然不会荡绳子了,然后...完事后下面的人就开始满地捡野牛了。有兴趣的朋友可以去这个网站看看http://www.head-smashed-in.com/

        印第安部落们面临选择:

        选择1、放弃自己的文化,向白人学习。从流动狩猎改为定居放牧,放弃弓箭拿起来福枪维护自己的利益,向白人发动游击战,美国政府被迫媾和,他们最后赢得了保留地。

        资料――

        1868年拉勒米堡条约。因为酋长红云发动的游击战而使美国政府被迫签订的条约。

        FORT LARAMIE TREATY

        APRIL 29, 1868

        TREATY WITH THE SIOUX-- BRULé, OGLALA, MINICONJOU, YANKTONAI, HUNKPAPA, BLACKFEET, CUTHEAD, TWO KETTLE, SANS ARCS, AND SANTEE--AND ARAPAHO

        15 Stat., 635.

        Ratified, Feb. 16, 1869.

        Proclaimed, Feb. 24, 1869

        Articles of a treaty made and concluded by and between Lieutenant-General William T. Sherman, General William S. Harney, General Alfred H. Terry, General C. C,. Augur, J. B. Henderson, Nathaniel G. Taylor, John B. Sanborn, and Samuel F. Tappan, duly appointed commissioners on the part of the United States, and the different bands of the Sioux Nation of Indians, by their chiefs and head-men, whose names are hereto subscribed, they being duly authorized to act in the premises.

        ARTICLE 1. From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement shall forever cease. The Government of the United States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it. The Indians desire peace, and they now pledge their honor to maintain it.

        If bad men among the whites, or among other people subject to the authority of the United States, shall commit any wrong upon the person or property of the Indians, the United States will, upon proof made to the agent and forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Washington City, proceed at once to cause the offender to be arrested and punished according to the laws of the United States, and also re-imburse the injured person for the loss sustained.

        If bad men among the Indians shall commit a wrong or depredation upon the person or property of any one, white, black, or Indian, subject to the authority of the United States, and at peace therewith, the Indians herein named solemnly agree that they will, upon proof made to their agent and notice by him, deliver up the wrong-doer to the United States, to be tried and punished according to its laws; and in case they wilfully refuse so to do, the person injured shall be re-imbursed for his loss from the annuities or other moneys due or to become due to them under this or other treaties made with the United States. And the President, on advising with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, shall prescribe such rules and regulations for ascertaining damages under the provisions of this article as in his judgment may be proper. But no one sustaining loss while violating the provisions of this treaty or the laws of the United States shall be re-imbursed therefor.

        ARTICLE 2. The United States agrees that the following district of country, to wit, viz: commencing on the east bank of the Missouri River where the forty-sixth parallel of north latitude crosses the same, thence along low-water mark down said east bank to a point opposite where the northern line of the State of Nebraska strikes the river, thence west across said river, and along the northern line of Nebraska to the one hundred and fourth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, thence north on said meridian to a point where the forty-sixth parallel of north latitude intercepts the same, thence due east along said parallel to the place of beginning; and in addition thereto, all existing reservations on the east bank of said river shall be, and the same is, set apart for the absolute and undisturbed use and occupation of the Indians herein named, and for such other friendly tribes or individual Indians as from time to time they may be willing, with the consent of the United States, to admit amongst them; and the United States now solemnly agrees that no persons except those herein designated and authorized so to do, and except such officers, agents, and employes of the Government as may be authorized to enter upon Indian reservations in discharge of duties enjoined by law, shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in the territory described in this article, or in such territory as may be added to this reservation for the use of said Indians, and henceforth they will and do hereby relinquish all claims or right in and to any portion of the United States or Territories, except such as is embraced within the limits aforesaid, and except as hereinafter provided.

        ARTICLE 3. If it should appear from actual survey or other satisfactory examination of said tract of land that it contains less than one hundred and sixty acres of tillable land for each person who, at the time, may be authorized to reside on it under the provisions of this treaty, and a very considerable number of such persons shall be disposed to commence cultivating the soil as farmers, the United States agrees to set apart, for the use of said Indians, as herein provided, such additional quantity of arable land, adjoining to said reservation, or as near to the same as it can be obtained, as may be required to provide the necessary amount.

        ARTICLE 4. The United States agrees, at its own proper expense, to construct at some place on the Missouri River, near the center of said reservation, where timber and water may be convenient, the following buildings, to wit: a warehouse, a store-room for the use of the agent in storing goods belonging to the Indians, to cost not less than twenty-five hundred dollars; an agency-building for the residence of the agent, to cost not exceeding three thousand dollars; a residence for the physician, to cost not more than three thousand dollars; and five other buildings, for a carpenter, farmer, blacksmith, miller, and engineer, each to cost not exceeding two thousand dollars; also a schoolhouse or mission-building, so soon as a sufficient number of children can be induced by the agent to attend school, which shall not cost exceeding five thousand dollars.

        The United States agrees further to cause to be erected on said reservation, near the other buildings herein authorized, a good steam circular-saw mill, with a grist-mill and shingle-machine attached to the same, to cost not exceeding eight thousand dollars.

        ARTICLE 5. The United States agrees that the agent for said Indians shall in the future make his home at the agency-building; that he shall reside among them, and keep an office open at all times for the purpose of prompt and diligent inquiry into such matters of complaint by and against the Indians as may be presented for investigation under the provisions of their treaty stipulations, as also for the faithful discharge of other duties enjoined on him by law. In all cases of depredation on person or property he shall cause the evidence to be taken in writing and forwarded, together with his findings, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose decision, subject to the revision of the Secretary of the Interior, shall be binding on the parties to this treaty.

        ARTICLE 6. if any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select, in the presence and with the assistance of the agent then in charge, a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent, which tract, when so selected, certified, and recorded in the "land-book," as herein directed, shall cease to be held in common, but the same may be occupied and held in the exclusive possession of the person selecting it, and of his family, so long as he or they may continue to cultivate it.

        Any person over eighteen years of age, not being the head of a family, may in like manner select and cause to be certified to him or her, for purposes of cultivation, a quantity of land not exceeding eighty acres in extent, and thereupon be entitled to the exclusive possession of the same as above directed.

        For each tract of land so selected a certificate, containing a description thereof and the name of the person selecting it, with a certificate endorsed thereon that the same has been recorded, shall be delivered to the party entitled to it, by the agent, after the same shall have been recorded by him in a book to be kept in his office, subject to inspection, which said book shall be known as the "Sioux Land-Book."

        The President may, at any time, order a survey of the reservation, and, when so surveyed, Congress shall provide for protecting the rights of said settlers in their improvements, and may fix the character of the title held by each. The United States may pass such laws on the subject of alienation and descent of property between the Indians and their descendants as may be thought proper. And it is further stipulated that any male Indians, over eighteen years of age, of any band or tribe that is or shall hereafter become a party to this treaty, who now is or who shall hereafter become a resident or occupant of any reservation or Territory not included in the tract of country designated and described in this treaty for the permanent home of the Indians, which is not mineral land, nor reserved by the United States for special purposes other than Indian occupation, and who shall have made improvements thereon of the value of two hundred dollars or more, and continuously occupied the same as a homestead for the term of three years, shall be entitled to receive from the United States a patent for one hundred and sixty acres of land including his said improve-meats, the same to be in the form of the legal subdivisions of the surveys of the public lands. Upon application in writing, sustained by the proof of two disinterested witnesses, made to the register of the local land-office when the land sought to be entered is within a land district, and when the tract sought to be entered is not in any land district, then upon said application and proof being made to the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and the right of such Indian or Indians to enter such tract or tracts of land shall accrue and be perfect from the date of his first improvements thereon, and shall continue as long as he continues his residence and improvements, and no longer\'. And any Indian or Indians receiving a patent for land under the foregoing provisions, shall thereby and from thenceforth become and be a citizen of the United States, and be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of such citizens, and shall, at the same time, retain all his rights to benefits accruing to Indians under this treaty.

        ARTICLE 7. In order to insure the civilization of the Indians entering into this treaty, the necessity of education is admitted, especially of such of them as are or may be settled on said agricultural reservations, and they therefore pledge themselves to compel their children, male and female, between the ages of six and sixteen years, to attend school; and it is hereby made the duty of the agent for said Indians to see that this stipulation is strictly complied with; and the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said ages who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall be furnished, who will reside among said Indians, and faithfully discharge his or her duties as a teacher. The provisions of this article to continue for not less than twenty years.

        ARTICLE 8. When the head of a family or lodge shall have selected lands and received his certificate as above directed, and the agent shall be satisfied that he intends in good faith to commence cultivating the soil for a living, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and agricultural implements for the first year, not exceeding in value one hundred dollars, and for each succeeding year he shall continue to farm, for a period of three years more, he shall be entitled to receive seeds and implements as aforesaid, not exceeding in value twenty-five dollars.

        And it is further stipulated that such persons as commence farming shall receive instruction from the farmer herein provided for, and whenever more than one hundred persons shall enter upon the cultivation of the soil, a second blacksmith shall be provided, with such iron, steel, and other material as may be needed.

        ARTICLE 9. At any time after ten years from the making of this treaty, the United States shall have the privilege of withdrawing the physician, farmer, blacksmith, carpenter, engineer, and miller herein provided for, but in case of such withdrawal, an additional sum thereafter of ten thousand dollars per annum shall be devoted to the education of said Indians, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shall, upon careful inquiry into their condition, make such rules and regulations for the expenditure of said sum as will best promote the educational and moral improvement of said tribes.

        ARTICLE 10. In lieu of all sums of money or other annuities provided to be paid to the Indians herein named, under any treaty or treaties heretofore made, the United States agrees to deliver at the agency-house on the reservation herein named, on or before the first day of August of each year, for thirty years, the following articles, to wit:

        For each male person over fourteen years of age, a suit of good substantial woolen clothing, consisting of coat, pantaloons, flannel shirt, hat, and a pair of home-made socks.

        For each female over twelve years of age, a flannel skirt, or the goods necessary to make it, a pair of woolen hose, twelve yards of calico, and twelve yards of cotton domestics.

        For the boys and girls under the ages named, such flannel and cotton goods as may be needed to make each a suit as aforesaid, together with a pair of woolen hose for each.

        And in order that the Commissioner of Indian Affairs may be able to estimate properly for the articles herein named, it shall be the duty of the agent each year to forward to him a full and exact census of the Indians, on which the estimate from year to year can be based.

        And in addition to the clothing herein named, the sum of ten dollars for each person entitled to the beneficial effects of this treaty shall be annually appropriated for a period of thirty years, while such persons roam and hunt, and twenty dollars for, each person who engages in farming, to be used by the Secretary of the Interior in the purchase of such articles as from time to time the condition and necessities of the Indians may indicate to be proper. And if within the thirty years, at any time, it shall appear that the amount of money needed for clothing under this article can be appropriated to better uses for the Indians named herein, Congress may, by law, change the appropriation to other purposes; but in no event shall the amount of this appropriation be withdrawn or discontinued for the period named. And the President shall annually detail an officer of the Army to be present and attest the delivery of all the goods herein named to the Indians, and he shall inspect and report on the quantity and quality of the goods and the manner of their delivery. And it is hereby expressly stipulated that each Indian over the age of four years, who shall have removed to and settled permanently upon said reservation and complied with the stipulations of this treaty, shall be entitled to receive from the United States, for the period of four years after he shall have settled upon said reservation, one pound of meat and one pound of flour per day, provided the Indians cannot furnish their own subsistence at an earlier date. And it is further stipulated that the United States will furnish and deliver to each lodge of Indians or family of persons legally incorporated with them, who shall remove to the reservation herein described and commence farming, one good American cow, and one good well-broken pair of American oxen within sixty days after such lodge or family shall have so settled upon said reservation.

        ARTICLE 11. In consideration of the advantages and benefits conferred by this treaty, and the many pledges of friendship by the United States, the tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservation as herein defined, but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill River, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. And they, the said Indians, further expressly agree:

        1st. That they will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains.

        2d. That they will permit the peaceful construction of any railroad not passing over their reservation as herein defined.

        3d. That they will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon-trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States, or to persons friendly therewith.

        4th. They will never capture, or carry off from the settlements, white women or children.

        5th. They will never kill or scalp white men, nor attempt to do them harm.

        6th. They withdraw all pretence of opposition to the construction of the railroad now being built along the Platte River and westward to the Pacific Ocean, and they will not in future object to the construction of railroads, wagon-roads, mail-stations, or other works of utility or necessity, which may be ordered or permitted by the laws of the United States. But should such roads or other works be constructed on the lands of their reservation, the Government will pay the tribe whatever amount of damage may be assessed by three disinterested commissioners to be appointed by the President for that purpose, one of said commissioners to be a chief or head-man of the tribe.

        7th. They agree to withdraw all opposition to the military posts or roads now established south of the North Platte River, or that may be established, not in violation of treaties heretofore made or hereafter to be made with any of the Indian tribes.

        ARTICLE 12. No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation herein described which may be held in common shall be of any validity or force as against the said Indians, unless executed and signed by at least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians, occupying or interested in the same; and no cession by the tribe shall be understood or construed in such manner as to deprive, without his consent, any individual member of the tribe of his rights to any tract of land selected by him, as provided in article 6 of this treaty.

        ARTICLE 13. The United States hereby agrees to furnish annually to the Indians the physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer, and blacksmiths as herein contemplated, and that such appropriations shall be made from time to time, on the estimates of the Secretary of the Interior, as will be sufficient to employ such persons.

        ARTICLE 14. it is agreed that the sum of five hundred dollars annually, for three years from date, shall be expended in presents to the ten persons of said tribe who in the judgment of the agent may grow the most valuable crops for the respective year.

        ARTICLE 15. The Indians herein named agree that when the agency-house or other buildings shall be constructed on the reservation named, they will regard said reservation their permanent home, and they will make no permanent settlement elsewhere; but they shall have the right, subject to the conditions and modifications of this treaty, to hunt, as stipulated in Article 11 hereof.

        ARTICLE 16. The United States hereby agrees and stipulates that the country north of the North Platte River and east of the summits of the Big Horn Mountains shall be held and considered to be unceded Indian territory, and also stipulates and agrees that no white person or persons shall be permitted to settle upon or occupy any portion of the same; or without the consent of the Indians first had and obtained, to pass through the same; and it is further agreed by the United States that within ninety days after the conclusion of peace with all the bands of the Sioux Nation, the military posts now established in the territory in this article named shall be abandoned, and that the road leading to them and by them to the settlements in the Territory of Montana shall be closed.

        ARTICLE 17. It is hereby expressly understood and agreed by and between the respective parties to this treaty that the execution of this treaty and its ratification by the United States Senate shall have the effect, and shall be construed as abrogating and annulling all treaties and agreements heretofore entered into between the respective parties hereto, so far as such treaties and agreements obligate the United States to furnish and provide money, clothing, or other articles of property to such Indians and bands of Indians as become parties to this treaty, but no further.

        In testimony of all which, we, the said commissioners, and we, the chiefs and headmen of the Brulé\' band of the Sioux nation, have hereunto set our hands and seals at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, this twenty-ninth day of April, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight.

        选择2、固执的维持自己的文化,迁移追寻越来越少的北美野牛,不惜拿着弓箭对抗白人,他们被白人灭绝了。

        很多部落灭绝了,很多部落文化中断了却让子民活了下来。

        印第安文化也是文化,不知道他们应该像印加人一样绝种,还是像现在这样生活。

        关键词(Tags): #民族为民众存在

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    • 家园 (八)讲中国问题,先要知道下边要做的是什么

      del


      本帖一共被 1 帖 引用 (帖内工具实现)
      • 家园 谁知道下边要做什么?

        能源问题是全世界的问题,谁都还没有答案。

        我所担心的是,我们是否比别人更接近答案?一方面是自身资源的限制,一方面我得说,在社会公平和保障方面,大部分国家比我们要好。不仅仅是富裕程度问题,执政者的决心和能力在这方面也让我怀疑。当然如果上升到效率与公平的斟酌,我不是很懂,也无话可说。是否必要是一回事,是否属实又是另外一回事。

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