主题:Andrew Marr:我们英国人——英国诗歌文学简史 -- 万年看客
十六世纪中期的剧作是英国时代精神的集中体现,对于宗教狂信徒来说这一主张同样成立。莎士比亚时代之前的另一位英国著名剧作家是约翰.贝尔,他的道德剧基本上就是反天主教的破口大骂。以他的作品《三律法》(Three Laws)为例,他特意安排了鸡奸这一角色在台上夸夸其谈地宣称自己在天主教教士当中取得了怎样的成功:
In the first age I began,
And so persevered with man
And still will if I can
So long as he endure.
If monkish sects renew,
And popish priests continue
Which are of my retinue
To live I shall be sure.
我兴起于第一纪元
此后始终与人牵连
我还将存在千万年
只要人类不灭亡。
只要还有人当和尚
只要还有教士教皇
负责为我保驾护航
我就必然性命长。
Clean marriage they forbid,
Yet cannot their ways be hid ..
洁净的婚姻他们绝不肯同意
他们的肮脏行径却无法藏匿
...In Rome with to me they fall,
Both Bishop and Cardinal
Monk, Friar, priest and all,
More rank than they are ants.
Example in Pope Julye,
Which sought to have in his fury
Two lads, and to use them beastly,
From the Cardinal of Nantes.
在罗马他们与我一起胡闹
不管是大主教还是红衣主教
僧侣与教士全都跑不掉
数量多如虫蚁,叫人多么恶心。
儒略教皇真是好榜样
一肚子邪火烧得多么旺
一次就将两名少年搞上炕
这还是南特红衣主教的孝敬。
由此可见,认为天主教独身制度致使教室们忍不住向小男孩尤其是唱诗班男童下手的指控并不是现代社会的发明。毫无顾忌的新教宗教改革用语在这段诗文当中表露无遗,与文艺派剧作家笔下金光灿烂的华美辞藻相差甚远。这段诗文当中提到的男孩们长大成人之后将会成为伊丽莎白时代的伟大剧作家,诗文本身还预示了詹姆斯一世时期的到来。在同一部剧作当中,鸡奸与拜偶像凑在一起窃笑,口中的台词听上去隐隐应和着《麦克白》三女巫的口吻:
With holy oil and watter,
I can so cloyne and clatter
That I can at the latter
More subtleties contrive
I can work wiles in battle,
if I do once but spattle
I can make corn and cattle
That they shall never thrive...
只要有了圣水圣油
且看我如何施法念咒
你只需要稍微恭候
我就能施展精妙手段
能在战场遮人眼目
吐口唾沫就能施术
不管是庄稼还是牲畜
都叫它们枯瘦朽烂……
约翰.贝尔还是英国第一部历史剧的作者,于1539年创作了《约翰王》(Kynge Johan)。只可惜这部作品的历史内容并不充分,基本上依然是针对天主教教会的破口大骂。
当时还有两部口吻远远更加温和的道德剧,两部都是对于泰伦斯作品的仿写。一部是曾任伊顿公学校长的尼古拉斯.尤德尔创作的《拉尔夫.罗伊斯特.多伊斯特》(Ralph?Roister?Doister);
另一部作品是《葛顿奶奶的缝衣针》(Gammer?Gurton's?Needle),大约出自日后成为巴斯与威尔斯主教的约翰.斯蒂尔之手,首演于剑桥大学基督学院。这两位作家的为人都很高冷——尤德尔在伊顿素来以体罚严厉而著称,斯蒂尔则是一位著名神学教授。但是这两人的作品对于同时代一个人精神面貌的把握却远远超过了此前的其他道德剧《拉尔夫.罗伊斯特.多伊斯特》的主人公拉尔夫试图向一位富有的寡妇求爱但遭到了拒绝,后来他又谋划诱拐这名寡妇,但同样未能得手。在下面的诗文当中,拉尔夫的男仆抱怨了他的主人狂热的追女行动给他本人造成了怎样的困扰。这段台词搭配上笛子与格利特琴的伴奏之后讽刺效果特别显著:
...now that my maister is new set on wooing,
I trust there shall none of us finde lacke of doing:
Two pair of shoes a day will now be too little
To serve me, I must trot to and fro so mickle
-- Go bear me this token, carry me this letter,
Now this is the best way, now that way is better,
Up before day sirs, I charge you, an hour or twain,
Trudge, do me this message, and bring word quick again,
If one miss but a minute, then his armes and wounds,
I would not have slacked for ten thousand pounds.
Nay see I beseeche you, if my most trusty page,
Go not now about to hinder my marriage,
So fervent hot wooing and so far from wiving,
I trow never was any creature living,
With every woman is he in some loves pang,
Then up to our lute at midnight, twangle-dome twang,
Then twang with our sonnets, and twang with our dumps,
And hey-hough from our heart, as heavy as lead lumps:
Then to our recorder with toodleloodle poope
As the howlet out of an ivy bushe should hoope.
Anon to our gitterne, thrumpledum, thrumpledum thrum,
Thrrunpledum, thrumpledum, thrumpledum, thrumpledum thrum.
……既然我的主人下决心要拿下美娇娘
我们这些下人全都要不得闲地奔忙
一天换两双鞋对我来说还是太少
谁让我整天都不住脚地东奔西跑:
“这份礼物替我送去,这封情书为我传达,
这句情话写得最好,那样表白其实更佳。
天亮之前一两点钟你们就要起床忙碌,
将我的爱意带去,速速带回她的答复。”
谁要胆敢耽误些许,必定遭到拳打脚踢
要让我挨这顿打,送我一万英镑都不愿意
“众多仆役当中唯有你最靠得住,
速速动身,莫要将我的婚姻大事耽误。”
他泡妞的劲头火热,成效却不敢恭维
只要是会喘气的女人,他才不管是谁
相思病一旦发作,势头必定凶猛着急,
我们只好陪他半夜去姑娘窗前弹琴吹笛
一拨琴弦一声“嘣噔”,我们立刻将屁股夹紧
放开胸膛齐唱情歌,歌声就像铅坨一样沉稳
乐曲多么动听,噗不楞噜不楞噗突,
恰似夜猫子从藤蔓当中扑棱着飞出
歌声多么响亮,仓啷啷铛,仓啷啷嘡
呲啷啷噌啷啷,嗤啷啷嚓啷啷,库叉咣当。
当时这部戏主要在学者圈子里较为流行。不过笔者希望读者们像我一样感到这其中的不少台词已经达到了莎士比亚的水准。马尔瓦里奥在最搞笑的时候大约也就是这样了。
《葛顿奶奶的缝衣针》的剧情甚至更加薄弱。一个老太太给自己的仆人补皮裤,不小心将心爱的缝衣针插在皮裤上找不着了。不出所料的是,这根针扎在了皮裤的臀部,仆人发现这根针的方法也很肉痛。不过剧本的用语确实是都铎时代剑桥郡的日常口语。以下是剧本的开场白。老太太刚刚发现针丢了之后满屋子乱找,念诵开场白的仆人正在此时从房间里走过:
Many a mile have I walked, divers and sundry ways,
And many a good man's house have I been at in my days;
Many a gossip's cup in my time have I tasted,
And many a broach and spit have I both turned and basted,
Many a piece of bacon have I had out of their balks,
In running over the country, with long and weary walks;
Yet came my foot never within those door cheeks,
To seek flesh or fish, garlick, onions, or leeks,
That ever I saw a sort in such a plight
As here within this house appeareth to my sight.
There is howling and scowling, all cast in a dump,
With whewling and puling, as though they had lost a trump.
我也走过千百里路,大路小路都走过不少
多少好人家的房子我曾经在其中操劳。
我曾在倒茶的时候听过多少邻里闲话
曾经在火上翻转过多少根烤肉的铁叉
数不清我煎烤过多少片培根
多少次在乡间道路上撒腿狂奔
不过为了找寻鱼肉、洋葱、韭菜、大蒜,
我还从没迈过这样一道门槛
从没见过如此乱七八糟的房屋
屋里的景象简直让人没法插足
大呼小叫,东西全都扔作一堆
乱翻乱找,什么宝贝不翼而飞?
阅读这段文字的感觉就好像偷听某种早已消逝的文化一样——其中的居民们过着和蔼、坚韧而又粗手大脚的生活。此外这个剧本还包含了英语世界存世最早的一首祝酒歌:
I cannot eat but little meat;
My stomach is not good;
But sure I think that I could drink
With him that weareth a hood. More
Drink is my life; although my wife
Some time do chide and scold,
Yet spare I not to ply the pot
Of jolly good ale and old
大鱼大肉不敢多吃
我的肠胃真不算好
唯独喝酒可以放量
坐下就喝无多无少
杯中物就是我的命
哪怕老婆整天数落
我偏不肯放下酒杯
斟满啤酒多么快乐
Back and side go bare, go bare;
Both hand and foot go cold;
But, belly, God send thee good ale enough,
Whether it be new or old.
喝酒喝到上衣扒光
喝酒喝到手脚冰凉
只有肚皮能够享福
不管新酒还是陈酿
I love no roast but a brown toast,
Or a crab in the fire;
A little bread shall do me stead,
Much bread I never desire.
Nor frost, nor snow, nor wind, I trow,
Can hurt me if it would;
I am so wrapped within, and lapped
With jolly good ale and old
我不爱烤肉,只爱烤焦的吐司
火烧活螃蟹味道也挺好
面包不用多,一点就够吃
太多面包我也吃不了
任凭霜雪寒风任意逞凶
反正一分一毫伤不了我
只要肚里装满上好啤酒
身上就好像将大衣包裹
接下来这位酒客咒骂酒贩子在淡啤酒里兑水。就像很多酒馆常客一样,他坚称明天早上他还能再喝一轮。不过接下来他谈到了自己的老婆。值得欣慰的是他看待女性的态度并不像一开始看上去那样恶劣。实际上他老婆也很喜欢喝两口。
And Kytte, my wife, that as her life
Loveth well good ale to seek,
Full oft drinketh she that ye may see
The tears run down her cheek
Then doth she troll to me the bowl
As a good malt-worm should,
And say, 'Sweetheart, I have taken my part
Of jolly good ale and old:
我老婆凯特,她这一辈子
也喜欢到处寻找好酒
她经常喝得酒意旺盛
眼泪不住地往下流
然后她就将酒杯推给我
她的酒品确实很不错
“亲爱的,新旧陈酿虽然很好
但是这一轮我已经喝够了。”
总而言之,廷臣们、被赶出家门的女性们、宗教狂信徒们以及崭露头角的剧作家们所共同描绘的都铎时代社会图景指向了一个今天的英国人一眼就能认出来的国家。这个国家的日常生活并不公道,伪君子与说情人无处不在,普通老百姓毫不在意统治者是谁。但是尽管这个国家充斥着狂热与野蛮,尽管这里的天气变化无常,在英国人看来却依然就像家里一样温暖。
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