主题:F-22在阿拉斯加演习中取得144比0胜利(转贴) (上) -- 韩亚梓
依照晨枫同志的指示, 我把这篇AWST的文章转贴于此. 此文在网上有一个不太精确的译文版, 待会也一并贴出.
http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_defense_story.jsp?id=news/aw010807p1.xml
Raptor Scores in Alaskan Exercise
Jan 7, 2007
By David A. Fulghum and Michael J. Fabey
As the F-22 begins its operational life, interest has turned to assessing just how well suited the stealthy Raptor is to its role as the premier air-to-air fighter, while taking a peek at some of the surprises for pilots and maintenance crews as they explore what the aircraft can do. As part of the research for this series of articles on the F-22, Michael Fabey flew in the back seat of an F-15D while the Eagle and Raptor pilots demonstrated their aircraft's capabilities in the air-to-air ranges at Tyndall AFB, Fla. (For additional details of the Raptor's unique air-to-air capabilities, see AW&ST Sept. 6, 1999, p. 84.)
The F-22 is proving it's a dogfighter after all.
While it wasn't part of a hard-turning furball, an F-22--with its Amraams and Sidewinders expended--slipped into visual range behind an F-16 and undetected made a simulated kill with its cannon during the stealth fighter's first large-scale exercise and deployment outside the continental U.S.
Those and other revelations about the F-22's emerging capabilities are increasingly important as the first combat unit, the U.S. Air Force's 27th Fighter Sqdn., begins its initial Air Expeditionary Force deployment this month to an undisclosed site. And the first F-22 unit, the 94th Fighter Sqdn., will participate in Red Flag in February.
The gun kill is a capability Air Force planners hope their F-22s won't use. The fighter is designed to destroy a foe well beyond his visual and radar range. Within visual-range combat and, in particular, gun kills are anachronisms. In amassing 144 kills to no losses during the first week of the joint-service Northern Edge exercise in Alaska last summer, only three air-to-air "kills" were in the visual arena--two involving AIM-9 Sidewinders and one the F-22's cannon.
The 27th Fighter Sqdn. aircraft--on deployment from Langley AFB, Va.--didn't get to show off their J-Turn and Cobra maneuvers or their high-angle-of-attack, high-off-boresight (which actually will arrive with the AIM-9X) and unique nose-pointing capabilities. The reason, those involved say, was because the victims of the three encounters, flying conventional fighters, never had a clue they were being stalked by F-22s until they were "killed."
Raptor pilots agree that their preferred location for the fighter while in the battlespace is at high altitude, well above the other fighters, where they can adopt a fuel-efficient cruise, sweeping both the air and ground with radar and electronic surveillance for targets. From a superior altitude, the F-22 used sustained supercruise to range across hundreds of miles of airspace before an enemy fighter could threaten friendly high-value surveillance, command-and-control and tanker aircraft.
Perhaps the most important revelation by the 27th Fighter Sqdn. was demonstrating the F-22's ability to use its sensors to identify and target enemy aircraft for conventional fighters by providing information so they could engage the enemy sooner than they could on their own. Because of the advanced situational awareness they afford, F-22s would stick around after using up their weapons to continue providing targets and IDs to the conventional fighters.
"We always left F-22s on station to help, but we didn't designate any one aircraft to provide data," says Lt. Col. Wade Tolliver, the unit's commander. "It was critical that every F-22 out there provided all the data he had."
With its high-resolution radar, the F-22 can guarantee target altitudes to within a couple of hundred feet. Its ability to identify an aircraft is "sometimes many times quicker than the AWACS," he says. "It was a combination of high-resolution sensors and being closer to the targets."
The F-22's radar range is described only as being more than 100 mi. However, it's thought to be closer to 125-150 mi., which is much farther than the standard F-15's 56-mi. radar range. New, active electronically scanned radar technology--optimized for digital throughput--is expected to soon push next-generation radar ranges, in narrow beams, out to 250 mi. or more.
The ability to close on the enemy without being targeted also allowed the F-22s to operate in threat areas where conventional fighters could not survive. This enabled the Raptor to engage targets at a greater distance from the aircraft and homeland they were defending.
Raptor pilots had all the available data on the airspace fused and displayed on a single, easy-to-read screen.
"When I look down at my scope and put my cursor over a [friendly] F-15 or F/A-18, it tells me who they are locked on to," he says. For example, "I could help them out by saying, 'You're double-targeted and there's a group over here untargeted' . . . to make sure we got everybody." F-15 targets will be latent because of the radar sweep.
However, these messages are less and less verbal. "When you watch [tapes of the Alaska] exercise, it's fairly spooky," says Gen. Ronald Keys, chief of Air Combat Command. "There's hardly a word spoken among Raptor pilots." That silence also previews some of the fighter's possible future capabilities.
"Because of the way the aircraft was designed, we have the capability to do more," Keys says. "We can put unmanned combat aircraft systems in there with Raptor. You've got three fairly low-observable UCAS in the battlespace. An air defense system pops up, and I click on a UCAS icon and drag it over [the emitter's location] and click. The UCAS throttles over and jams it, blows it up or whatever."
In Alaska, because the F-22 remained far forward at high altitude, with an advanced radar it could monitor rescue missions that the AWACS 150 mi. away could not. "We could see the helicopters down in the valleys and protect them," Tolliver says.
In addition to AWACS, the F-22 also can feed data to the RC-135 Rivet Joint signals intelligence aircraft to improve situational awareness of the battlespace.
"If a Rivet Joint is trying to get triangulation [on a precise emitter location], he can get more [voice] information" from an F-22, Keys says. "If an AWACS sees a heavy group 40 mi. to the north, Raptor can come up and say it's two F-18s, two F-15s and four F-16s."
Moreover, Keys says, modifications are underway to transmit additional target parameters--such as sensitive, high-resolution infrared data--from the F-22 with a low-probability-of-intercept data link.
"Getting data into an F-22 is not hard," Keys says. "Getting it out [while staying low observable] is more difficult. We bought the links, but we just don't have them on yet."
The F-22's advanced electronic surveillance sensors also provided additional awareness of ground activity.
"I could talk to an EA-6B Prowler electronic attack crew and tell them where a surface-to-air missile site was active so they would immediately know where to point their electronic warfare sensors," Tolliver says. "That decreased their targeting time line considerably."
In addition, the F-22 can use its electronic surveillance capabilities to conduct precision bombing strikes on emitters--a capability called destruction of enemy air defenses.
"And future editions of the F-22 are predicted to have to have their own electronic attack capability so that we'll be able to suppress or nonkinetically kill a site like that," he says.
The F-22's operating altitude and additional speed during the Alaska exercise also garnered praise.
"We stayed high because it gives us an extra kinetic advantage with shooting, speed and fuel consumption," Tolliver says. "The Raptor typically flies way higher than everybody else and it handles like a dream at those altitudes." Tolliver wouldn't confirm the operating altitude, but Pentagon officials have put it at 65,000 ft., which is at least 15,000 ft. higher than the other fighters.
"There were times we went lower, maybe to visually identify a threat or if we were out of Amraams and there was a bandit sneaking in at low altitude," he says. "The Raptor would roll in and kill him with a heat-seeking missile."
The lopsided combat ratio resulted because, "they never saw us," Tolliver says. "We got there without being detected, and we killed them rapidly. We didn't do any major turning. It's not that the J-Turn maneuver isn't fun, but we didn't get a chance to use it."
The F-22's Mach 1.5 supercruise capability also got a workout in Alaska. Because only eight F-22s were ever airborne at once during the exercise, four of them were constantly involved in refueling from tankers flying orbits 150 mi. away. Supercruise got the fighters there and back quickly. On station, the fighter would conserve fuel by cruising at high altitude.
"We also used supercruise quite a bit because the fight was on such a large scale," Tolliver says. "The airspace was roughly 120 mi. by 140 mi. We could sit up at high altitude and save our gas and watch. We don't hang out at Mach 1.5. With our acceleration, when we saw the threats building, because we could see them so far out, we'd dump the nose over, light the burners and we were right up to fighting speed."
During a typical day in the Alaska "war," 24 air-to-air fighters, including up to eight F-22s, defended their aerial assets and homeland for 2.5 hr. Air Force F-15s and F-16s and Marine F/A-18s simulated up to 40 MiG-29s, Su-22s, Su-24s, Su-27s and Su-30s (which regenerated into 103 enemy sorties in a single period). They carried AA-10s A to F, Archers, AA-12 Adders and the Chinese-built PL-12. These were supported by SA-6, SA-10 and SA-20 surface to air missiles and an EA-6B for jamming. Each day, the red air became stronger and carried more capability.
As a result of all the emitters in the battlespace, the F-22's ability to map the electronic order of battle (EOB)--what's emitting and from where--proved critical.
"I love intel, but it's only as good as the last time [analysts] got a data update, which could have been hours or even a day earlier," Tolliver says. An F-22 "gets rid of the time delay. I can plot an EOB in real time. I'm not saying we're better than a Rivet Joint, but I can go places that it can't. If he's 150 mi. away, he's probably not going to be able to plot a high-fidelity threat location as quickly as I can."
The adversaries were wily and didn't want to lose.
"We had guys running in at 500 ft. off the deck," Tolliver says. "We had guys flying in at 45,000-50,000 ft. doing Mach 1.6, trying to shoot me before I know they are there. They would mass their forces and try to win with sheer numbers. None of it worked."
A tactic used by the F-22s was actually developed and practiced in smaller scale at Langley before the exercise. Raptors worked in pairs, integrated with F-15Cs or F/A-18E/Fs.
"I could help target for them from behind and above," Tolliver says. "We really don't have a name for what we were doing other than integrated ops. I was able to look down and smartly target F-15s or F/A-18s to groups at ranges where they could not yet [detect] the target."
Yet, there are a number of F-22 capabilities that are shrouded in mystery, including electronic attack, information warfare and cruise missile defense.
"It's no secret that one of our mods is to put electronic attack on board and then we will play a role in combating networks," Tolliver says. "We're already involved in the collection part. When we come back from a mission, we have the ability to download EOB data that's turned into intelligence pictures. This makes us an intelligence platform doing nontraditional ISR by bringing back emitter data so that teams can go out and conduct information operations."
The next step will be to pass the detailed information about surface-to-air missile locations, capabilities and emission details (called parametrics).
"If I have characterized, say an SA-10, I can send it verbally to AWACS and they can send it out to other platforms," says Maj. Shawn Anger, an F-22 instructor with the 43rd Fighter Sqdn. at Tyndall AFB, Fla. However, "I can't pass the parametrics characterization. Hopefully, we'll be able to shoot it up the radar"--a new capability for the radar, which is being developed to send large, high-bandwidth imagery files.
主题: F-22在阿拉斯加演习中对F-16取得144比0胜利(转贴)
发表时间: 2007-1-17 19:20:57 编辑 引用回复 留言 举报 表扬
楼长
美国《航空周刊》2007年1月9日期文章:F/A-22在阿拉斯加演习战绩-空中格斗机
作者:戴维 弗刚姆/迈克 菲比
F/A-22开始服役后,人们的注意力开始聚焦在”猛禽“空中格斗能力上。下面通
过飞行员和地勤人员的亲身经历来看一看F/A-22在“北方之边”演习中的表现。
为了进行这项研究,周刊作家迈克 菲比坐在F-15D战斗机的后座上在位于佛罗里达
廷多空军基地亲身体验了F-15D战斗机和”猛禽“的空中较量。(详细报道见《航空周
刊》1999年9月6日期,84页)
空中格斗战机
在阿拉斯加演习中,一架“猛禽”没有做什么大的机动动作,在对手不知觉的情况
下悄悄跟在了一架F-16战斗机后边,然后用机载加农炮模拟击落了这架F-16战斗机。阿
拉斯加空中演习是在美国本土外所进行的最大一次空中演习。
本月,美国空军第一个成军的F/A-22第27战斗机中队在一个保密的地点进行的演习
还会透露出更多有关其空中格斗能力的详情;今年二月,第94“猛禽”战斗机中队将参
加“红旗”对抗演习。
F/A-22设计师在设计机载火炮的时候并不希望飞行员使用它。这种战机的设计是在
敌人视距和雷达范围外就已经将对手击落。去年夏天举行的“北方之边”演习直到今天
才有了一些更详细的情节。在演习中,F/A-22击落了144架“敌机”,自己无一伤亡。
在击落的144架“敌机”中,只有三次是在“视距”内。其中有两次是用AIM-9近空导弹
干掉了“敌机”,另外一次就上面所说机载火炮。
第二十七战斗机中队在阿拉斯加“北方之边”演习中没有机会表演“J”转弯,“
眼镜蛇”机动,“高角度攻击”和“大仰角”攻击(大仰角攻击通常使用 AIM-9X近空
导弹)等伎俩。据参加演习的飞行员说,在仅有的三次“视距”接触中,“土匪”根本
还没有发现这些F/A-22是从哪儿冒出来的就被“毙命”了。
“猛禽”飞行员都同意在实战中他们首选的攻击位置是高高在上,远在被攻击的飞
机之上。在这个高度,“猛禽”采用节省燃料的“超音速”巡航状态,高高在上用高清
晰度雷达向下扫描空间和地面,寻找目标。作为AWACS,指挥控制飞机和加油机的前卫
,“猛禽”可以在具有绝对优势的高度扫清一切威胁。
也许这次演习透露出来的最大秘密就是第27战斗机中队的“猛禽”利用自己的感应
装置为非隐形战斗机所提供的目标信息,使非隐形战斗机尽快接触并进入战斗的能力。
由于“猛禽”在电子系统上的优势,F/A-22可以在耗尽自己所携带弹药的情况下继续
在战场上空盘旋,为非隐形战斗机提供目标和目标确定信息。
第二十七战斗机中队长托里佛中校说:“我们总是在战场留下F/A-22帮助其它战斗
机,但我们不确定固定的‘猛禽’来提供数据。最要紧的是每架F/A-22提供自己所获得
的数据”。
在高清晰度雷达的帮助下,F/A-22保证确定敌机的准确高度,误差在三十到五十米
之间。托里佛说:“F/A-22确定飞行器的能力在许多情况下比AWACS预警机还要快。这
主要是受惠于高清晰度雷达和距离目标的距离比AWACS要近”。
根据美国空军公布的数据,F/A-22雷达的扫描距离是100英里以上(160公里以上)
。但可以相信的是真实距离是在125-150英里之间(200 -240公里),与F-15战斗机
雷达56英里(100公里)相比有很大的差别。目前,正在研制的下一代主动电子扫描数
字全程雷达在“窄光”状态下能达到 250英里(400公里)或更高。
另外,非凡的隐形能力使F/A-22在其它非隐形战斗机难以适应的环境中生存下来。
隐形功能使“猛禽”在远距离就进入战斗状态。
“猛禽”飞行员在一个单显屏幕上通过更容易的方式获取数据并监视所有战场情况
。托里佛说:“当我往下看屏幕并把箭头放在友军的F-15或F/A-18 战斗机上后,屏幕
就显示出来他们的雷达锁定了谁。比如,我可以通知他们说‘你重复锁定敌机,另有一
队敌机还没有锁定’。这时F-15锁定的目标会改变,因为我的雷达可以覆盖F-15的雷达
”。
但是,向F-15战斗机输送信息的通话越来越少。美国空军作战部长罗纳德 科斯上
将介绍说:“当你看阿拉斯加演习的录象时,你会觉得挺恐怖的。‘猛禽’驾驶员之间
几乎没有战场通话”。这种安静也表现出‘猛禽’的一些特殊能力来。
科斯上将接着介绍说:“因为新型战机特殊的设计,我们能做的更多。我们可以把
无人驾驶飞机放出来与‘猛禽’结合。比如,有三架低雷达截面的‘联合无人战斗空中
系统’(J-UCAS)与‘猛禽’同在战场空间。预警显示后,我用鼠标把J-UCAS拉到目标
上,然后点击。这时J-UCAS加速飞向目标,释放干扰或者施放导弹,战斗结束了”。
在“北方之边”演习中,由于“猛禽”的高度和先进的雷达,所有的救援活动都在
监视之下,但是150英里之外的AWACS就做不到这一点。托里佛中校说:“我们能看到在
山谷里的救援直升机并保护他们”。
除了配合AWACS之外,“猛禽”还可以把战场数据传送到RC-135“铆节”侦察指挥
机上,提高参战作战飞机对整个战场环境的了解。科斯上将说: “如果RC-135需要用
三角定位来确定敌人确切位置,‘猛禽’可以‘喂’给它更多的数据。如果AWACS的数
据现实北方四十英里有大机群,那么‘猛禽’ 的数据就是两架F-18,两架F-15和四架
F-16”。
科斯上将还介绍说,目前电子设备的改进已经在进行。比如在传输目标准确位置的
时候,F/A-22将通过一个低截获性的数据链传送更灵敏的高清晰度红外数据。“向F/A-
22输送假数据很难,从F/A-22上窃取数据更难。我们已经购买了数据链装置,只不过
还没有安装上去”。
F/A-22先进的电子侦察装置同时能提供更详细的地面情况。托里佛中校说:“我
可以告诉一架EA-6B电子战机机组人员哪个地面防空系统的雷达开启活动,EA-8B可以
根据我们的数据立即把他们的电子战感应装置指向目标,减少了他们锁定目标的时间”。
F/A-22战斗机本身也可以利用电子侦察能力对地面防空系统实施精确打击。托里佛
中校说:“未来生产的F/A-22可以预见同时具有电子战机的攻击能力,我们可以不用导
弹在摧毁地面防空系统”。
F/A-22战斗机高空作战能力和速度在阿拉斯加的演习中发挥的淋漓尽致。托里佛
中校说:“我在待在高空,因为高度给了我们更多的动能优势让我们在攻击,速度和节
约燃料等方面占据了有力条件”。他不愿意透露“猛禽”的实际作战高度,但他说:“
‘猛禽’通常比任何战斗机都飞得高,在这种高度还能如此操纵飞机,简直是梦想成真”
五角大楼的官员透露“猛禽”的作战高度是65,000英尺(20余公里),至少比其
它战斗机高了将近五公里。
他接着说:“有些时候我们降到一定高度,或者是视觉确定威胁或者是耗尽了AIM-
120导弹,总有‘土匪’(‘敌机’代号)从低空钻进来。这时‘猛禽’就用热寻踪导
弹干掉他”。
托里佛中校说,演习一边倒的战绩主要是“因为他们根本就看不见我们。我们在不
被发现的情况下进入战斗状态,然后快速干掉他们。我们没有做任何大的机动动作。这
不是因为J转弯不好玩儿,我们没有做这些动作的机会”。
F/A-22超音速巡航能力(1.5马赫)在阿拉斯加演习中也显示出优势。演习只有八
架“猛禽”参加,而八架从来没有同时在战场巡逻,四架“猛禽”总是保持在飞行于
150英里之外的加油机和战场的航线上。超音速巡航加快了空中加油的速度。在战场巡
逻时高空超音速巡航节省了大量的燃料。
托里佛中校介绍说:“我们经常在超音速巡航的状态下,因为战场比较大。战场空
间大约有120x140英里(190x220公里)。我们可以‘坐’在高空,在节省燃料的同时观
察战场。但我们‘坐’那的时候不用超音速巡航。我们可以远远看到威胁在一点点增大
,然后我们利用我们的加速能力,向下压,点燃发动机,马上就快的象闪电一样”。
演习通常的一天是这样过去的。在阿拉斯加的天空,包括八架“猛禽”在内的24架
战斗机保护自己的上空长到两个半小时。40架空军的F-15,F-16 和海军陆战队的F/A-
18战斗机模拟了包括Mig-29, Su-22, Su-24, Su-27和Su-30在内的俄制战斗机,两个小
时共飞行了103架次。所携带的模拟导弹包括AA-10从A到F, “弓箭手”, AA-12和中国
制造的PL-12。红军还配备有SA-6, SA-10和SA-10防空导弹和EA-6B电子干扰机。每过去
一天,红军的势力和能力就增强许多。
由于如此之多的空中雷达目标,F/A-22绘制“战场电子顺序”(EOB目标种类和原
始地点)的能力显得异常关键。托里佛中校说:“我爱情报,但最好的就是最后更新的
情报,其它的信息可能都过去好几个小时时间了。‘猛禽’避免了时间延误,能立即绘
制EOB。我不是说我们就比RC-135能力更强,但是我们可以去RC-135不能去的地方”。
但是“土匪”并不想失败。托里佛说:“有的‘土匪’甚至在150米的低空穿梭,
有的‘土匪’以1.6马赫的速度飞到接近17公里的高度把我打下来,有时他们利用数量
优势成群结队进攻我们,但他们一次都没有成功”。
“我甚至可以在他们上面和后面帮助他们锁定目标。我们现在对这套战术还没有名
称,我们现在叫‘合成作战’。我能往下看,然后在他们没有发现我的情况下轻松锁定
一群F-15或者是F/A-18”。
尽管如此,F/A-22作战能力仍然有几个神秘的地方,包括电子战,信息战和反巡航
导弹能力。“我们进行电子战的能力不是什么秘密,从我们的机舱就可以看出来。我们
已经进入信息收集的阶段。当完成作战任务后,我们可以下载EOB数据,形成一个情报
图像。‘猛禽’已经成为一个与传统战斗机不同性质的情报平台,根据我们带回的目标
数据,其它作战飞机就可以根据这些数据进行信息战行动了”。
F/A-22下一步试验就是地空导弹位置,能力和详细目标电子数据传输能力。位于佛
罗里达州廷多空军基地第43“猛禽”战斗机中队(“猛禽”电子战试验中队)飞行教官
商恩安格少校说:“比如,如果我发现了SA-10,我可以通过指令把信息输送到AWACS,
但是我还不能把详细的图像信息传送过去,比如目标的雷达频率等。希望不久我们能通
过雷达把数据送过去”。这是一种正在发展的新型雷达,可以即时传输大型高带宽的图
像文件。
文中基本可以看出F-22所依赖的几大法宝: 高空高速下的能量优势, 隐身, 以及网络作战能力. 这些东西, 方方的王者之翼里都指出了, 但在纸面上看到, 跟在实际演习中体现出来, 感觉是不一样的. 美帝空军在2020年前后的作战模式其实已经露出端倪: 一支全隐身, 网络化的空军. 预计他们冲进敌方空域作战的飞机可能有四个部分: F-22, 担任空中支配(不是简单的空中优势, 是占支配地位). F-35, 有人的隐身攻击机, 负责攻击战场上出现的机动目标. UCAV, 负责需要长时间留空的侦察, 通讯, 火力支援等任务. 智能巡航弹, 负责开战第一枪和攻击有高防护的目标. 所有的飞机都是网络化的, 被任何一架飞机发现就等于被全体发现. 再加上以AIM-120D为代表的第三方制导的拦射弹, 任何的飞机那怕是UCAV, 都具备中距拦射能力. 可以想见, 如果只装备三代机的空军遇到这样的力量, 很可能是"起不来", "看不见", "打不着", 处境十分尴尬.
打掉它的卫星和释放强烈的电磁干扰。
多谢转载,这样就有可能在这里讨论了。
我相信F22对F16有极大优势,但不可能大到这种地步,除非F22对付的是零式
文章应该说的是F-22如何厉害,但好像暴露出来的疑点比回答的问题更多。
没有做什么大的机动动作,就占领了F-16背后的机炮攻击位置,这到底是F-22神勇呢,还是F-16飞行员的无能?这不是视距外,隐身不是一个因素;F-22也没有靠机动占位,机动性也不是因素。莫非是从老远的地方超声速直直地一下子出现在F-16的背后?幸好大部分猎杀都是在视距外。
一直没有搞懂,超巡是怎么节约燃料的?超越音障后,到底是阻力的增加随速度的增加而放慢,还是阻力的绝对值岁速度的增加而下降(也就是说,阻力比亚声速反而低)?一直以为是前者,要不怎么两倍声速、在7万英尺高度巡航的协和式的油耗比同时代的亚声速客机大那么多呢?要是前者的话,在待机状态时,为什么要超巡呢?应该只有在需要尽快进入战区或尽快逃逸的时候用超巡才对呀?在高空大开雷达,视界当然是好了,但自身的隐身也暴露了。高空的电磁波环境干净,杂波少,从高空往下照射,雷达源很难隐藏在杂波中,再“低接获概率”(LPI)也没用。何况,LPI还是有一个信噪比的问题,信号强度低于噪声,任凭天神也没有办法提取出有用信号。LPI只是在玩弄现有雷达告警(RWR)的阈值,同时把信号弄得像噪声一样。等到别人对LPI警觉了,提高RWR的灵敏度,调整阈值,用先进数据处理辨别信号模式,LPI也就不隐身了。F-22还能“首选”在高空往下照射雷达吗?高空的环境温度低,热环境单纯,超巡的F-22的红外特征会不会很明显?美国的F-15、F-16、F-18好像都没有想苏-27的IRST那样的空战红外装置。
这是把F-22当预警机使用,能不能成不取决于F-22,取决于非隐形战斗机时候是否具有相适应的数据链。后面用F-22指挥F-15也有一样的问题。至少对非隐形战斗机来说,对方要是有预警机和数据链的支持,这个优势就不成为优势。F-22所有的雷达和数据链的优势都难以保证持久性。电子技术在加速进步,共军也没有在睡大觉。另外,作为战场信息的主要来源,AESA具有先天的离轴性能急剧下降的问题,这是因为AESA要把大量的能量消耗在使电磁波束偏转上,离轴角度越大,损耗越严重。换句话说,F-22的AESA的最优性能的视角是有限的,只有靠不断转弯才能覆盖较大的空域,和真正的预警机还是不能比的。
另外,数据链也是要发射电磁波功率的,也是可以通过被动三角定位探测的。要不让探测只有一个办法:用定向天线指向卫星,最大限度地减小面向四周的旁瓣。可个比较难对付,不过要是在轨道上布上干扰卫星,卫星通信和GPS都要受到干扰,那时怎么办呢?要是在轨道上也布上电子侦察卫星用于三角定位呢?
F-22的高空操控可能得益于推力转向,这东西不受空气稀薄的限制。巨大的翼面积应该对高空也很有利。
150英里是美国空军的“标准”待机距离,加油机通常就在这个位置飞8字,战斗机加满油后返回战斗。但是现在远程空空导弹开始多起来了,160-200+千米射程的已经不是海外奇谈,这个待机距离可能要加大。“超音速巡航加快了空中加油的速度”,这是什么意思?
哈,还记得关于超巡的争论吗?我还是坚持:超巡要能够维持进入和退出战场才有实际意义,否则只是延长时间的超音速冲刺。看来F-22就是这么回事。对手也能“往下压,像闪电一样”,只不过闪电的时间短一点。
这是24架对40架,F-22的144:0就是这么来的吗?不是说F-15、F-16、F-18本身就比苏-27米格-29优秀多少多少倍吗?这24+40架都同时在上述120x140英里的“盒子”里吗?
F-22的雷达有一个独门绝技文章里没有说:雷达、导航、通信、电子战都集中在同一个AESA天线上,这是真本事,不服不行。
看来美国“官漏”也有失手的时候:)
哈哈
我没有细看翻译的,主要看的原文,翻译是从您的帖子看的,好像不准。
先说简单的:
“超音速”巡航状态,主要技术含量是发动机。巡航最通俗的说就是经济性最好的状态。f22的发动机是第一个做到不开加力平飞过音障,是可以维持的,很久前米空军的司令接受完改型训练大谈这点的意义,所以我有影响。其他f1516都不行。这点在下认为和阻力无太大关系。
“超音速巡航加快了空中加油的速度”,这是什么意思?
缩短了从加油待机区域到战区的时间,正如你说的,这个距离可以加大,看来米军还没有改训练大纲,泄密了 。
没有做什么大的机动动作,就占领了F-16背后的机炮攻击位置,这到底是F-22神勇呢,还是F-16飞行员的无能?
这个问题和数据链和雷达等问题一起谈,个人认为这是最大亮点。哦,先说超机动性,我认为22这点上至少和su27是一个档次的,绝对不低于f1516,对27等也是只高不低,毕竟它有个矢量推进技术,加上米国在计算机领域的先进性,这个不是问题,f22还保留cannon也可以看出它没有完全放弃dogfight,越战是打痛了,再吹超视距也不敢如鬼怪那么狂妄了。
而fighter pilot到9G是必要条件之一,人-机完成超机动都不是问题,当然包括那个f16的飞行员了,这里的问题是为什么16的飞行员没有发现。个人认为这是米军训练和f22先进性的交合结果:靠预警机先敌发现,告知combat sqn这种模式是越战就有的,f4第一次击落mig21就是这种模式。当然那时没数据链这些东西,这些是越战经验的总结。f1516发挥战力是考整个预警-数据链-战机这种模式发挥出来的,这也是为什么以对华军售那么久老米眼睁眼闭,一买预警等就发毛了。这玩艺老米对台湾也留一手,据说买台湾的e2都不带数据链的,你们喊话去吧。跑题远了,回来说那个16的飞行员,1,从报道看不出是否f16方是否用了预警机,但是可以肯定的一点就是,f16依据自身的雷达和目视不能先期发现f22。米空军有个研究结果就是,只要发现了敌人,90%以上的概率是不会被击落的。
最后谈谈雷达,我觉得无论翻译还是这篇原文都是含糊其辞。原文中虽然用了radar一词,但是意义不是我们理解的传统辐射波反射模式,它指的是一整套被动传感器,这也不是新技术,su27还是mig-29(忘了)10多年前就有探测80公里左右的红外被动传感器。但是22比这个高,虽然探测距离和原来27,29一个量级,但它不是1个单的,是多个,记得90年代中国内研究跟过一阵风,信息融合技术,看来22这点上达到实用了,国内怎么样我就不知道乐,知道了也不能说,打死老萨也不能说。从另外一点看,原文中也谈到了,从预警把数据放到22简单,出来难,关键是怎么减少辐射,10多年前就听说米军研究紫外频段的通讯用于近距通讯,不知道是不是现在用上了。
米军的保密和中国思想不一样,真真假假太多,有吹的有藏的,真搞清难。
超巡的通常定义是不打开加力就能达到超声速(一般认为应该达到M1.5以上才算,刚过M1.0还只能算跨声速),但这个定义是有争议的。
超巡的目的是什么?是能够长时间在超声速状态下巡航。也就是说,飞机有足够的燃油可以维持留空时间中相当大一部分在超声速状态。F-22能够达到吗?这是一个很大的疑问。具体的在
里讨论过。那时的结论有点极端,不过意思还是在的。
F-22的机动性应该至少不低于苏-27,否则美国空军可能就选了YF-23了。如果F-22是如兄所说的那样才占据F-16的背后,那采用加力的F-15在AWACS的支持下同样可以做到。这就谈不上F-22的优势了。
被动雷达不光F-22可以玩,别人有了数据链后也可以玩。信息融合(sensor fusion)是一个好东西,但也不是可望而不可及的。
总之,F-22最大的优势在于其隐身和超巡,只有这两样是别人可望而不可及的,机动性和网络战斗是可望而且可及的。但通篇没有看到F-22是如何最大限度地利用这两个可望而不可及的优势的。或许是报道留了一手,不想透露真正重要的东西。
如果这时多次演习的结果,那另外几次的设定是怎样的?这里面有多少是F-22击落的,有多少是一同作战的非隐身战斗机击落的?F-22一无损失,那非隐身战斗机的损失情况如何?觉得就这样声称F-22达到144:0大胜,好像有点……
“高空高速下的能量优势, 隐身, 以及网络作战能力”,这些确实是F-22所倚重的。问题是,就现有技术而言,超机动性和网络战能力对美国以外的航空国家来说不是可望而不可及的,只有超巡和隐身还是高高在上,可望而不可及。
老兄这里提到“全隐身, 网络化的空军”,实际上侧重在网络化,而没有发挥隐身的作用。在四代中,隐身是最重要的,但也是实际功效最有争议的。AW&ST的这篇文章还是没有解答心中的疑问。
我感觉米国的军事报道就是关键地方掐了,你跟他们的飞行员试飞员可以聊天打哈哈,但是从他们那里真有用的P都没有,这帮人都经过训练的,感觉防谍能力超强。他们说出来的东西,就是要公众感觉,嗯,这钱没白花,如果打败了,就猛吹对方,然后再要钱。
真网上查,包括查米国军迷的网站,对22的性能都是猜。超迅现在知道的就是不开加力能到m1.5-1.7,仅此而已,而且是牺牲其它性能达到的,比如最高速度等,当然,一般常识,加力打开,耗油成几何级数增长。工程问题本来就是trade-off,不存在完美解决方案,完美了要么银子不够,要么物理定律根本还没有呢。可望可及有时真难说,靠低估对手永远不是好办法,米空军越战吃亏很大程度是这样造成的,当然导弹制胜论是祸根。
是跟F22一起出动的非隐身战机,F22打得兴起,一并都打发了